Bangladesh

The transition to solar-powered irrigation in South Asia offers an opportunity to cut greenhouse gas emissions and reduce dependency on expensive diesel. However, appropriate institutional and financial models are required to scale up this technology. Three different solar irrigation pump (SIP) implementation modalities coexist in Bangladesh, providing a good opportunity to evaluate and gain insightful knowledge on the solarization process. These conclusions are also applicable to neighboring countries dealing with comparable problems. The three models are (i) community-managed SIP model, (ii) individual ownership model, and (iii) fee-for-service model. In this article, we argue that the fee-for-service model involving a market-based approach and public-private partnership is the most promising in terms of addressing two main challenges in solarization, i.e. high capex financing requirement and generation of sufficient demand. In terms of achieving equity in SIP access and groundwater sustainability, all three models have their respective pros and cons. However, the financial sustainability of SIPs is under threat due to the significant project costs. It is imperative to expedite the integration of SIPs with the national power grid while implementing supportive government policies. This includes enhancing buy-back tariffs and introducing net-metering options to ensure long-term sustainability.

Bangladesh, one of the worldapos;s most densely populated countries, faces significant challenges related to poverty, food insecurity, and agricultural productivity. With over 40% of the population engaged in agriculture, the majority of which involves smallholder rice farming, these challenges are even more pronounced. Approximately 92% of farmers own less than 0.5 hectares of land, making it difficult for them to achieve sustainable incomes. While efforts like irrigation and triple-cropping aim to intensify crop production, they often fail to ensure economic stability, especially in climate-vulnerable coastal regions. Farmers in these areas frequently resort to seasonal migration and face severe economic distress. Given these conditions, agricultural innovation and access to extension services are crucial for improving food security and farmer livelihoods. However, adoption of new agricultural practices remains low, especially among women, due to challenges such as low literacy, cultural norms, and limited social mobility. Agricultural extension services are vital to addressing these challenges. Traditionally provided by public institutions, these services are increasingly supplemented by private and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), driven by declining government funding. Public extension services focus on providing subsidized inputs, such as seeds and fertilizers. However, inefficiencies arise due to poor coordination between stakeholders, leading to contradictory advice and resource misallocation. Furthermore, outreach is often insufficient, particularly for marginalized groups like women and landless farmers, who are frequently excluded from formal training programs. Cultural practices, such as purdah, further limit women’s participation in public activities, restricting their access to agricultural knowledge. While informal networks, including farmer-led clubs and local NGOs, play an important role in disseminating information, they lack the capacity to drive large-scale, sustainable change. A study conducted in Polder 34/2 of Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District, highlights the limitations of formal extension services. The research found that most farmers rely on informal knowledge-sharing networks or peer observation, as formal training mainly benefits landowning farmers. Those who received formal extension services reported better crop yields, whereas those relying on informal networks struggled with climate-related issues, such as salinity and irregular rainfall. The study also revealed that extension services predominantly focus on crop systems, neglecting the important roles of livestock and fisheries, which are also vital to the agrarian economy. This lack of integration across agricultural sectors further exacerbates the vulnerabilities faced by smallholder farmers. In conclusion, while agricultural extension services have the potential to improve food security and support smallholder farmers, the current system is fragmented a