Displaying 195 publications
Report
Indexes / Indicators / Heterogeneity / Time series analysis / Tools / Hydrological modelling / Drainage area / Land cover / Catchment areas / Ecological factors / Habitats / Aquatic ecosystems / Runoff / Stream flow / Rivers / Water stress / Water resources / Freshwater / Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation / Sustainable Development Goals / Assessment / Comparisons / Databases / Hydrological data / Information systems / Estimation / Environmental flows
Record No:H052596
Towards the harmonization of global environmental flow estimates: comparing the Global Environmental Flow Information System (GEFIS) with country data
The source of data used to estimate the e-flow requirement in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 6.4.2 (level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources) is the Global Environmental Flow Information System (GEFIS), an online tool produced and managed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). In addition to the GEFIS estimate, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as the custodians of the SDG indicator, encourages countries to put forward their locally determined e-flow estimates, especially if it differs from the GEFIS estimate. To date, however, only a few countries have taken up this opportunity. The aim of this report is to compare e-flows estimated by GEFIS with independent e-flow assessments performed at the local level to gauge the level of agreement between the two sets of estimates. We compared e-flow estimates from GEFIS to local e-flow estimates at 533 river sites.
Indexes / Indicators / Heterogeneity / Time series analysis / Tools / Hydrological modelling / Drainage area / Land cover / Catchment areas / Ecological factors / Habitats / Aquatic ecosystems / Runoff / Stream flow / Rivers / Water stress / Water resources / Freshwater / Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation / Sustainable Development Goals / Assessment / Comparisons / Databases / Hydrological data / Information systems / Estimation / Environmental flows
Record No:H052596
Report
Food insecurity / Crop yield / Irrigated farming / Surface water / State intervention / Finance / Institutions / Seasonal variation / Maps / Datasets / Spatial data / Disaster preparedness / Decision making / Climate services / Risk management / Climate change mitigation / Indicators / Weather patterns / Snow cover / Temperature / Rainfall / Precipitation / Weather forecasting / Extreme weather events / Remote sensing / Earth observation satellites / Monitoring / Decision support systems / Early warning systems / Drought indices
Record No:H052416
Afghanistan Drought Early Warning Decision Support (AF-DEWS) Tool
This report summarizes the development of the Afghanistan Drought Early Warning Decision Support (AF-DEWS) Tool, a cloud-based online platform with near real-time information on drought conditions, to provide decision-makers with maps and data to enable further analysis. The report provides an overview of how the AF-DEWS Tool was developed and how it can be used to systematically monitor, detect and forecast drought conditions in Afghanistan. The tool provides a wide range of indicators/indices to assess the severity of meteorological (rainfall anomaly, standardized precipitation index), hydrological (snow cover index, streamflow drought index, surface water supply index), and agricultural (vegetation health index, integrated drought severity index) droughts.; The authors evaluated historical drought events, specifically the widespread drought event of 2018, to identify the precise impact of drought that has affected more than 13 million people across 22 of the 34 provinces in the severe to extreme drought category. Key drought indices were selected to undertake a detailed evaluation of the major drought events and their impacts on crop production. Satellite-derived (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS]) Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) data and observed wheat production data provided by the National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA) were used. This demonstrates the capabilities of the AF-DEWS Tool in supporting drought early warning and informing preparedness and risk reduction measures.
Food insecurity / Crop yield / Irrigated farming / Surface water / State intervention / Finance / Institutions / Seasonal variation / Maps / Datasets / Spatial data / Disaster preparedness / Decision making / Climate services / Risk management / Climate change mitigation / Indicators / Weather patterns / Snow cover / Temperature / Rainfall / Precipitation / Weather forecasting / Extreme weather events / Remote sensing / Earth observation satellites / Monitoring / Decision support systems / Early warning systems / Drought indices
Record No:H052416
Report
Surveys / Institutions / Awareness-raising / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Insurance premiums / Household income / Land ownership / Socioeconomic aspects / Smallholders / Crop damage / Flooding / Drought / Climate change impacts / Intervention / Strategies / Disaster risk management / Agricultural risks / Seed systems / Climate services / Risk transfer / Crop insurance / Climate resilience / Assessment / Willingness to pay / attitudes / Farmersapos / Weather index insurance
Record No:H052415
Assessment of farmers’ willingness to pay for bundled climate insurance solutions in Sri Lanka
With the increasing frequency and intensity of climate-related disasters, several social protection and livelihood resilience tools have been tested to reduce agricultural risks. The findings of this study are based on the initial bundled climate insurance solutions pilot conducted in five districts in Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Vavuniya, Monaragala, Kurunegala and Ampara) in 2021 with the support of Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). The project intervention was designed to reduce production risks and enhance agricultural resilience through the roll-out of an index insurance product bundled with hybrid seeds and mobile-based weather and agronomic advisories. The research assessed farmersapos; willingness to pay (WTP) for weather index insurance (WII) solutions with bundled choices as a risk transfer tool with due consideration to the diversity and heterogeneity of the farming population. The report informs the scaling opportunities of bundled climate insurance choices, including product design and implementation among smallholder farmers and reduction of production risks in designing and implementing WII products.; The study findings confirm the majority of farmersapos; perceptions of high climate risk, but the degree of risk is variable between areas and different segments of people. Farmers’ age, gender, farming experience, levels of education, land size operated, and household income form the major factors characterizing the diversity and risk exposures. Attention to gender and social equity issues is important in the design and delivery of insurance products so that the benefits of the interventions reach most of the farming population; this can ensure achievement of the larger development objectives of equity and fairness to disadvantaged people including women.; Farmers are experiencing high or very high levels of variability in crop yield, input prices and output prices. However, the differences in willingness to experiment with innovations to minimize the risks and adopt risk-taking approaches to minimize production risks and strengthen livelihood resilience indicate the requirement for carefully designed insurance products. Awareness creation is a prerequisite for this intervention to be a sustainable one. About 80% of farmers are willing to enroll in crop insurance programs, but a major inhibiting factor is the lack of trust in insurers. The amount that farmers are willing to pay as an insurance premium is in the range of 1-2% of the sum insured for the majority of farmers. Bundling insurance with farm support services could be the primary strategy for transitioning insurance programs to be a financially viable and sustainable adaptation strategy, and for upscaling these programs.
Surveys / Institutions / Awareness-raising / Social inclusion / Gender equality / Insurance premiums / Household income / Land ownership / Socioeconomic aspects / Smallholders / Crop damage / Flooding / Drought / Climate change impacts / Intervention / Strategies / Disaster risk management / Agricultural risks / Seed systems / Climate services / Risk transfer / Crop insurance / Climate resilience / Assessment / Willingness to pay / attitudes / Farmersapos / Weather index insurance
Record No:H052415
Report
Households / Communities / Social norms / Frameworks / Policies / Governance / Partnerships / Government agencies / Private sector / Stakeholders / Extension approaches / Water user associations / Capacity development / Markets / Income generation / Climate resilience / Microirrigation / Irrigation technology / Farmer-led irrigation / Smallholders / Decision making / Participatory approaches / Equal rights / Gender equality / Women farmers / Strategies / Gender-transformative approaches / Development projects / Irrigation development / Institutional development / Small-scale irrigation / Gender mainstreaming
Record No:H052414
Institutional gender mainstreaming in small-scale irrigation: lessons from Ethiopia
Achieving gender equality in irrigation can result in greater production, income, and job opportunities for both men and women smallholder farmers from diverse social groups, while building climate resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, national irrigation agencies, donors, and researchers have been assisting project implementers to mainstream gender issues into the planning and implementation of irrigation programs. However, although efforts to close gender gaps in irrigation have been increasing, little is known about how interactions among institutions at different scales may determine the success of gender-mainstreaming strategies. This study presents a qualitative analysis of how the interaction of institutions at multiple levels can shape the success of gender-mainstreaming strategies. Specifically, the study analyzed how institutionsapos; rules, roles, and capacities at state, market, community, and household levels shaped strategies in Ethiopiaapos;s nine small-scale and micro irrigation development projects. The findings show that ‘rule-based’ strategies adopted by small, scheme-based irrigation projects emphasize policies and rules for equal rights and opportunities for equal participation in individualsapos; and institutionsapos; decision-making and capacity development. ‘Role-based’ strategies adopted by projects promoting small-scale and micro irrigation technologies focus on challenging social norms to address the imbalance of power and workloads by developing the capacity of all stakeholders. Both strategies focus on women and use participatory approaches to ensure gender equality. Negative stereotypes about women from families, communities, and the private sector often make it difficult for gender mainstreaming to succeed. Furthermore, institutional biases and limited capacities reproduce gender inequality by reinforcing stereotypical gender norms. Transformative gender mainstreaming strategies are critical to holistic approaches that facilitate change at different scales through broad-based partnerships between actors. It calls for 1) enacting policy, creating an institutional environment, and developing governance mechanisms for mainstreaming gender; 2) enhancing the accountability system and adoption of gender-transformative approaches to involve more women farmers in designing, planning, and management; 3) creating a supportive institutional environment at market, community and household level that helps women farmers invest in irrigation; and 4) applying an intersectional lens in gender analysis and mainstreaming.
Households / Communities / Social norms / Frameworks / Policies / Governance / Partnerships / Government agencies / Private sector / Stakeholders / Extension approaches / Water user associations / Capacity development / Markets / Income generation / Climate resilience / Microirrigation / Irrigation technology / Farmer-led irrigation / Smallholders / Decision making / Participatory approaches / Equal rights / Gender equality / Women farmers / Strategies / Gender-transformative approaches / Development projects / Irrigation development / Institutional development / Small-scale irrigation / Gender mainstreaming
Record No:H052414
Report
Urbanization / Climate change / Trends / Algorithms / Datasets / Satellite imagery / Landsat / Remote sensing / Moisture index / Vegetation index / Catchment areas / Wetlands / Forest plantations / Woodlands / Grasslands / Irrigated areas variety / Irrigated farming / Rainfed farming / Human settlements / Land use change / Land cover mapping / Water resources / Groundwater / River basins / Land cover change
Record No:H052252
Land cover changes in the Upper Great Ruaha (Tanzania) and the Upper Awash (Ethiopia) river basins and their potential implications for groundwater resources
Over the past century, the world has experienced an unprecedented surge in population growth, accompanied by a significant increase in economic activity and fuelled by an intensive utilization of natural resources, including water. This phenomenon has brought about profound alterations in land cover and land use patterns across various regions. Knowledge of land use changes is key to unlocking an understanding of water use changes and associated impacts on water resources, and potential threats to sustainability. However, the pace and nature of land use transitions vary widely across the globe, shaped by a complex interplay of local, regional and global factors, making systematic assessments important.; This report presents the results of a land cover change analysis conducted in two river basins in sub-Saharan Africa: the Upper Great Ruaha River Basin (UGRRB) in Tanzania and the Upper Awash River Basin (UARB) in Ethiopia. The spatio-temporal analysis spans a recent 15-20-year period up until 2015/16 and utilizes remote sensing imagery, secondary maps and ground truth information for the two end point times (resolution: 30 m). The basins are significantly different in terms of agricultural development and water resource use. UARB represents an area with emerging commercial farms, urban expansion and diminishing natural vegetation, whereas UGRRB still retains significant natural vegetation but is experiencing an increase in smallholder agriculture as well as intensive commercial irrigation potentially affecting fragile wetland systems. In UGRRB, surface water is the main source of irrigation water, while in UARB, groundwater resources are increasingly used for irrigation by smallholder farmers. The findings reveal a common overall trend in both basins that is similar to many low-income countries, illustrating an expansion of agricultural and irrigated areas and human settlements at the expense of natural land cover. The report presents a detailed systematic remote sensing-based methodology to quantify and compare land cover transitions in time and space with high resolution, within and between agricultural landscapes of larger basins. The study highlights that land cover changes in the basins follow diverse and unique trajectories, providing critical insights into evolving land use patterns.; In its conclusion, the study underscores the profound implications of recent land use changes for groundwater resources within these agro-pastoral systems. Overall, the report highlights the importance of sustainable land management and integrated water resources management, and provides valuable insights into the complexities of land use change in these regions.
Urbanization / Climate change / Trends / Algorithms / Datasets / Satellite imagery / Landsat / Remote sensing / Moisture index / Vegetation index / Catchment areas / Wetlands / Forest plantations / Woodlands / Grasslands / Irrigated areas variety / Irrigated farming / Rainfed farming / Human settlements / Land use change / Land cover mapping / Water resources / Groundwater / River basins / Land cover change
Record No:H052252
Report
Nexus approaches / Water security / Land / Livestock / Pastoralists / Farmer-led irrigation / Domestic water / Drinking water / Living standards / Households / Right to food / Right to water / Women / Gender / Costs / Conflicts / Water permits / Water distribution / Water quality / Water governance / Legislation / Policies / Norms / water, sanitation and hygiene / Sustainable Development Goals / Water allocation / Rural communities / Multiple use water services / Water supply / Infrastructure / Water sharing / Water resources / Customary law / Water law / Water management / Water rights / Customary tenure / Water tenure
Record No:H051372
Living customary water tenure in rights-based water management in Sub-Saharan Africa
Living customary water tenure is the most accepted socio-legal system among the large majority of rural people in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on literature, this report seeks to develop a grounded understanding of the ways in which rural people meet their domestic and productive water needs on homesteads, distant fields or other sites of use, largely outside the ambits of the state. Taking the rural farming or pastoralist community as the unit of analysis, three components are distinguished. The first component deals with the fundamental perceptions of the links between humankind and naturally available water resources as a commons to be shared by all, partially linked to communities’ collective land rights. The second component deals with the sharing of these finite and contested naturally available water resources, especially during dry seasons and droughts. Customary arrangements shape both the ‘sharing in’ of water resources within communities and the ‘sharing out’ with other customary communities or powerful third parties. Since colonial times, communities have been vulnerable to those third parties grabbing water resources and overriding customary uses and governance. The third component deals with infrastructure to store and convey water resources. Since time immemorial, communities have invested in infrastructure for self supply, ranging from micro-scale soil moisture retention techniques to large-scale collective deep wells. As increasingly recognized in both the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and irrigation sectors, this component of self supply is rapidly expanding. In all three components, local diversity is high, with gender, class and other social hierarchies intertwining with social safety nets, neighborliness and moral economies.
The study derives two sets of implications for state and non-state policies, laws and interventions. First, state legislation about the sharing of water resources should recognize and protect living customary water tenure, especially through due process in ‘sharing out’ water with powerful third parties. Remarkably, water law, which is dominated by permit systems in sub-Saharan Africa, lags behind other legislation in recognizing customary water tenure (see IWMI Research Report 182). Second, by taking communities’ self supply for multiple uses as a starting point for further water infrastructure development, the WASH, irrigation and other sectors can follow the priorities of communities, including the most vulnerable; identify cost-effective multi-purpose infrastructure; develop local skills; and, hence, contribute more sustainably to achieving more United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDGs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 13. Further historical and interdisciplinary research to achieve these benefits is recommended.
Nexus approaches / Water security / Land / Livestock / Pastoralists / Farmer-led irrigation / Domestic water / Drinking water / Living standards / Households / Right to food / Right to water / Women / Gender / Costs / Conflicts / Water permits / Water distribution / Water quality / Water governance / Legislation / Policies / Norms / water, sanitation and hygiene / Sustainable Development Goals / Water allocation / Rural communities / Multiple use water services / Water supply / Infrastructure / Water sharing / Water resources / Customary law / Water law / Water management / Water rights / Customary tenure / Water tenure
Record No:H051372
Report
International law / Transboundary waters / Participation / Water user associations / Policies / Constitution / Regional organizations / Government / Sustainable development / Food security / Livelihoods / Women / Gender / Human rights / Water governance / Legal frameworks / Forests / Land rights / Water rights / Rural areas / Local communities / tenure rights / Indigenous peoplesapos / Freshwater / Nexus approaches / Water resources / Land tenure / Customary law / Water law / Legislation / Customary tenure / Water tenure
Record No:H051374
Legal recognition of customary water tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa: unpacking the land-water nexus
Despite the progress made in conceptualizing and advocating for secure community-based land and forest tenure rights, there is a critical lacuna in advocacy and policymaking processes pertaining to community-based freshwater tenure rights. Moreover, water tenure as a concept has only recently gained significant traction in global policy circles. This report analyzes national and international legal pathways for recognizing customary forms of community-based freshwater tenure rights held by Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) in sub-Saharan Africa. It employs a methodological framework and builds on an analysis of community-based water tenure systems that was developed and applied by the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) and the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in the publication Whose Water? A Comparative Analysis of National Laws and Regulations Recognizing Indigenous Peoples’, Afro-Descendants’, and Local Communities’ Water Tenure. Based on the key findings of this analysis, in particular the frequent dependence of IPLCs’ legally recognized customary water tenure rights on their legally recognized land and/or forest rights, this report further analyzes national constitutions, national legislation governing water, land, forests, environmental protection and other related matters, international and national case law, and international and regional human rights laws, to explore how legal frameworks are recognizing and protecting customary water tenure rights across sub-Saharan Africa. The findings and recommendations provide a basis for analyzing the comparative effectiveness and potential drawbacks of these legal pathways for the recognition and protection of customary water tenure and ultimately for future work refining and improving legislation and assessing progress in its implementation and enforcement.
International law / Transboundary waters / Participation / Water user associations / Policies / Constitution / Regional organizations / Government / Sustainable development / Food security / Livelihoods / Women / Gender / Human rights / Water governance / Legal frameworks / Forests / Land rights / Water rights / Rural areas / Local communities / tenure rights / Indigenous peoplesapos / Freshwater / Nexus approaches / Water resources / Land tenure / Customary law / Water law / Legislation / Customary tenure / Water tenure
Record No:H051374
Report
Case studies / Financial situation / Economic crises / Non-governmental organizations / Stakeholders / Water authorities / Irrigation systems / Agricultural land / Domestic water / Parameters / Regulations / Water quality / Wells / Water supply / Groundwater / Infrastructure / Irrigation requirements / Water shortage / Water use / Water availability / Water rights / Water governance / Water demand / Supply and demand / Water balance / Water budget / Water management / Water resources / Geographical information systems / Modelling / Databases / Municipal wastewater / Wastewater treatment plants / Analysis / Irrigation water / Water potential / Water reuse
Record No:H051388
Analysis of water reuse potential for irrigation in Lebanon
Water scarcity and pollution are major threats for human development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and Lebanon is no exception. Wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture can contribute to addressing the increasing water crisis in the MENA region. However, what is the actual potential of water reuse as a solution for agriculture in Lebanon? This report addresses this question and provides the most comprehensive assessment of water reuse potential up to now. Using geographic information system (GIS) modelling and the best and most recent data available in the country, the report develops a detailed technical assessment of the quantities of treated water available for safe reuse in irrigation, and identifies the wastewater treatment plants that have the highest potential for that purpose.
The report also examines the governance barriers that need to be overcome for the water reuse potential to materialize in practice. These barriers include structural shortcomings in the wastewater sector combined with challenges of governance and the lack of a regulatory framework for reuse management. Once the current economic, financial and political crisis in Lebanon eases, addressing these barriers will be key to achieving more and safer water reuse in the country.
Case studies / Financial situation / Economic crises / Non-governmental organizations / Stakeholders / Water authorities / Irrigation systems / Agricultural land / Domestic water / Parameters / Regulations / Water quality / Wells / Water supply / Groundwater / Infrastructure / Irrigation requirements / Water shortage / Water use / Water availability / Water rights / Water governance / Water demand / Supply and demand / Water balance / Water budget / Water management / Water resources / Geographical information systems / Modelling / Databases / Municipal wastewater / Wastewater treatment plants / Analysis / Irrigation water / Water potential / Water reuse
Record No:H051388
Report
Case studies / Drought / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Legal aspects / Subsidies / Compensation / Crop losses / Flood damage / Rain / Rivers / Satellite observation / Climate change / Awareness raising / Farmers / Smallholders / Microfinance / Financial institutions / State intervention / Stakeholders / Public-private partnerships / Marketing / Product development / Business models / Risk transfer / Disaster risk management / Scaling / Developing countries / Livelihoods / Crop insurance / Agricultural insurance / Resilience / Flooding
Record No:H050608
Scaling up Index-based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for agricultural resilience and flood-proofing livelihoods in developing countries
This research report presents the first comprehensive framework of business models in terms of developing, marketing and scaling Index-based flood insurance (IBFI). The report evaluated ten case studies on agricultural insurance schemes (macro, meso and micro levels), globally, to develop public-private partnership business models for creating value (product development) and capturing value (product marketing). This report highlights four broad groups of interrelated factors that influence the uptake and scaling of agricultural insurance: (i) behavioral factors that influence farmers’ enthusiasm to invest in insurance; (ii) financial factors that stipulate governments’ willingness to provide financial support; (iii) legal and regulatory factors, which set ground rules for fair business and govern their adherence by stakeholders; and (iv) facilitating factors, including product design and development, business models, research and development, data availability, and awareness creation, which help ensure an efficient supply of insurance services. In summary, the report highlights the need for designing innovative IBFI and its potential benefits for uptake, and efforts for implementing IBFI as a potential risk transfer tool for comprehensive climate risk management among small-scale and marginal farmers.
Case studies / Drought / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Legal aspects / Subsidies / Compensation / Crop losses / Flood damage / Rain / Rivers / Satellite observation / Climate change / Awareness raising / Farmers / Smallholders / Microfinance / Financial institutions / State intervention / Stakeholders / Public-private partnerships / Marketing / Product development / Business models / Risk transfer / Disaster risk management / Scaling / Developing countries / Livelihoods / Crop insurance / Agricultural insurance / Resilience / Flooding
Record No:H050608
Report
Case studies / Rural communities / Awareness / Households / Inclusion / Women / Legislation / Public services / Institutional reform / Political institutions / Water user associations / Nongovernmental organizations / Stakeholders / Development aid / Water, sanitation and hygiene / Water allocation / Drinking water / Water resources / Citizen participation / Participatory approaches / Governance / Transparency / Corruption / Auditing / Budgeting / Water supply / Accountability / Social participation
Record No:H050606
Examining social accountability tools in the water sector: a case study from Nepal
Enhancing accountability has become an important objective of the governance reforms over the past two decades. Yet, only a few studies have explored the use of social accountability tools in the water sector in particular. This report aims to fill this gap, based on a case study of a donor-funded water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) program in Nepal. We document and analyze the effects of two types of social accountability tools implemented by the program: public hearings and social audits. We examined how these tools have contributed to increased transparency, participation, voice and accountability, and in turn discuss their potential to reduce corruption. We relied on qualitative methods to collect data in two case study water supply schemes in two districts of Nepal. The study found that the social accountability tools provided a platform for water users to participate and deliberate on issues related to the execution of WASH schemes. However, the scope of accountability narrowly focused on the integrity of the water user committees but did not provide the political resources and means for communities to hold funding and implementing agencies accountable. Furthermore, attention to budget management has not provided space to address environmental and social justice issues related to payment of wages, access to water and decision-making processes in the design of the water scheme and water allocation. Findings from the study also indicate that the concept of deliberation and downward accountability, as envisioned in international development discourses, does not necessarily match with local power relationships and local cultural norms.
Case studies / Rural communities / Awareness / Households / Inclusion / Women / Legislation / Public services / Institutional reform / Political institutions / Water user associations / Nongovernmental organizations / Stakeholders / Development aid / Water, sanitation and hygiene / Water allocation / Drinking water / Water resources / Citizen participation / Participatory approaches / Governance / Transparency / Corruption / Auditing / Budgeting / Water supply / Accountability / Social participation
Record No:H050606
Report
Innovation scaling / Case studies / Institutions / Input output analysis / Costs / Financial viability / Value chains / Supply chains / Regulations / Policies / Renewable energy / Pumps / Water lifting / Multiple use water services / Water resources / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation / Smallholders / Irrigated farming / Environmental sustainability / Feasibility studies / Business models / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Farmer-led irrigation / Technology / Photovoltaic systems / Solar energy
Record No:H050503
Solar photovoltaic technology for small-scale irrigation in Ghana: suitability mapping and business models. Agricultural Water Management – Making a Business Case for Smallholders
This report assesses the potential of solar photovoltaic (PV) irrigation for smallholder agriculture in Ghana, using elements of business planning and business models with a suitability mapping approach. These approaches take into account the economic as well as environmental sustainability of expanding such technology. Using data from existing solar PV irrigation systems and interviews with key industry actors, the report discusses the regulatory and institutional context for investment in solar PV technology and outlines the technology supply chain, mapping the key actors and their roles. The financial viability of two empirical business cases – directly funding an agribusiness and subsidizing a cooperative model – is analyzed to assess the feasibility of expanding access to the technology. Furthermore, three solar PV irrigation business model scenarios are presented based on insights gained from the two empirical cases as well as from analyzing the existing policy and regulatory framework, the technology supply chain and environmental suitability. The potential for solar PV irrigation pumps is substantial, especially in northern Ghana, although care must be taken to avoid overpumping some aquifers. Achieving this potential will require strengthening the policy framework and making finance available at a reasonable cost. The report identifies alternative financing mechanisms and business models that have been tried elsewhere and can be adapted to Ghana, and makes recommendations to enhance the sustainable uptake of solar PV irrigation.
Innovation scaling / Case studies / Institutions / Input output analysis / Costs / Financial viability / Value chains / Supply chains / Regulations / Policies / Renewable energy / Pumps / Water lifting / Multiple use water services / Water resources / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation / Smallholders / Irrigated farming / Environmental sustainability / Feasibility studies / Business models / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Farmer-led irrigation / Technology / Photovoltaic systems / Solar energy
Record No:H050503
Report
Modelling / Health hazards / Farmers / Runoff / Stream flow / Seasonal variation / Land use / Irrigation / Water management / Agricultural practices / Environmental monitoring / Contamination / Drinking water / Water quality / Soil analysis / Sediment / Groundwater / Surface water / Guidelines / Pest management / Fertilizer application / Agrochemicals / Bananas / Commercial farming / Risk assessment / Environmental impact / Pesticide residues
Record No:H050717
Environmental risks from pesticide use: the case of commercial banana farming in northern Lao PDR
Commercial farming of banana for export has rapidly expanded across northern uplands of Laos since 2008 with the establishment of new plantations by foreign companies. Heavy reliance on agrochemical usage warrants examination of possible environmental and human health risks. This study presents a preliminary assessment of the environmental risks from pesticide usage associated with bananas and other major crops in Oudomxay province.
Surface water, groundwater, soil and sediment samples collected from the study area were analyzed for pesticide residues in the laboratory during the wet and dry seasons. Results of the analysis revealed that samples from banana farms had higher concentrations of residues from currently used (CU) pesticides compared with samples from adjacent farms producing maize, rubber, upland rice and gourd. Residues from highly persistent organochlorine (OC) pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, heptachlor, dieldrin and lindane, which are no longer used in Laos, were also detected. Laboratory results were compared against a low-cost pesticide residue detection method and a simple pesticide risk assessment tool. However, neither approach was comparable to laboratory analysis.
The potential environmental risk from pesticides and pesticide breakdown products was found to be substantial. For example, concentrations of some CU compounds exceeded the limits set by the World Health Organization.
The report highlights several mitigation measures to reduce the environmental risks from hazardous pesticides: (i) increase efforts to eliminate the import and use of hazardous and persistent pesticides; (ii) promote targeted education programs to implement best practices, including the selection and use of pesticides as per international standards, and Integrated Pest Management techniques; (iii) identify and protect drinking water sources with a high risk of contamination; and (iv) maintain vegetated buffers and sediment traps to detain farm runoff, which will allow CU pesticides to degrade to safe levels before entering watercourses.
Modelling / Health hazards / Farmers / Runoff / Stream flow / Seasonal variation / Land use / Irrigation / Water management / Agricultural practices / Environmental monitoring / Contamination / Drinking water / Water quality / Soil analysis / Sediment / Groundwater / Surface water / Guidelines / Pest management / Fertilizer application / Agrochemicals / Bananas / Commercial farming / Risk assessment / Environmental impact / Pesticide residues
Record No:H050717
Report
Models / Rural areas / Urban areas / Socioeconomic environment / Monsoon climate / Rain / Land use / Crop production / Pumps / Wells / Infrastructure / Groundwater irrigation / Stakeholders / Policies / Food security / Water security / Climate change / Water availability / Surface water / Water management / Water resources / Watershed management / Ecosystem services / Mitigation / Disaster risk reduction / Flood control / Benefit-cost ratio / Cost benefit analysis / Economic analysis / Drought / Water demand / Water supply / Water storage / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / River basins / Flood irrigation
Record No:H050008
Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): exploring potential at the global scale
This report presents a spatial analysis conducted at global scale to identify areas of high suitability for implementing the Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) approach. The study used multiple global spatial datasets, and the related data were arranged under three categories – water supply, water demand and water storage – to assess global UTFI suitability. Among the river basins with high suitability, the Awash in Ethiopia, Ramganga in India (one of the major tributaries of the Ganges River Basin) and Chao Phraya in Thailand were selected for the economic analysis in this study. The results from this study are intended to provide a first step towards identifying the broad areas (at the river basin or country scale) where more detailed investigation would be worthwhile to ascertain the technical and economic feasibility of UTFI, with greater confidence.
Models / Rural areas / Urban areas / Socioeconomic environment / Monsoon climate / Rain / Land use / Crop production / Pumps / Wells / Infrastructure / Groundwater irrigation / Stakeholders / Policies / Food security / Water security / Climate change / Water availability / Surface water / Water management / Water resources / Watershed management / Ecosystem services / Mitigation / Disaster risk reduction / Flood control / Benefit-cost ratio / Cost benefit analysis / Economic analysis / Drought / Water demand / Water supply / Water storage / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / River basins / Flood irrigation
Record No:H050008
Report
Living standards / Women / Gender / Farmers / Smallholders / Local communities / Rural areas / Feasibility studies / Nongovernmental organizations / Government agencies / Private sector / Multi-stakeholder processes / Policies / Regulations / Strategies / Institutions / Investment / Economic viability / Cost benefit analysis / Cash flow / Incentives / Income / Financing / Supply chain / Markets / Integrated systems / Environmental sustainability / Horticulture / Land cover / Land use / Grazing lands / Forage yield / Feed production / Fattening / Livestock production / Honey production / Apiculture / Trees / Fruits / Crop production / Ecosystem services / Natural resources management / Sustainable land management / Land degradation / Business models / Exclosures / Landscape conservation
Record No:H049614
Exclosures for landscape restoration in Ethiopia: business model scenarios and suitability. Agricultural Water Management – Making a Business Case for Smallholders
Land degradation is a critical problem around the world. Intensive rain-fed and irrigated crop and livestock systems have contributed to the degradation of land and natural resources. Numerous institutional and socioeconomic challenges complicate attempts to reverse land degradation, including the lack of short-term incentives for investment; low investment by communities in natural resources management that offers little immediate financial reward; failure of public sector institutions to invest sufficiently in natural resources management because of low, immediate political rewards; and sectoral fragmentation, among others. In poor communities, the incentive to extract short-term economic returns from land and natural resources often outweighs perceived benefits from investing in long-term environmental restoration, and related economic and ecosystem returns.
Restoring degraded ecosystems through the establishment of exclosures – areas that are excluded from woodcutting, grazing and agricultural activities – is an increasingly common practice in the Ethiopian Highlands, and regional states are also following this practice. This report proposes and applies an adapted business model to explore the feasibility of exclosures for land restoration. It aims to identify short-term revenue streams from activities that can be carried out within exclosures, such as beekeeping, harvesting fodder for livestock fattening, and cultivating high-value plant species, including fruits and herbs. These are feasible, sustainable economic activities that could allow for the restoration of ecosystem services over the long term. Mobilization of financial resources, engagement of local communities, provision of training and continuous follow-up, as well as facilitation of market opportunities in the value chain for local communities and enterprises (e.g., creating market linkages and establishing innovation platform to engage with market actors) could support the sustainable implementation of the revenue streams.
Living standards / Women / Gender / Farmers / Smallholders / Local communities / Rural areas / Feasibility studies / Nongovernmental organizations / Government agencies / Private sector / Multi-stakeholder processes / Policies / Regulations / Strategies / Institutions / Investment / Economic viability / Cost benefit analysis / Cash flow / Incentives / Income / Financing / Supply chain / Markets / Integrated systems / Environmental sustainability / Horticulture / Land cover / Land use / Grazing lands / Forage yield / Feed production / Fattening / Livestock production / Honey production / Apiculture / Trees / Fruits / Crop production / Ecosystem services / Natural resources management / Sustainable land management / Land degradation / Business models / Exclosures / Landscape conservation
Record No:H049614
Report
Land management / Decision making / Grazing / Smallholders / Ecosystem services / Cost benefit analysis / River basins / Sediment / Coastal area / Flood irrigation / Inland fisheries / Estuarine fisheries / Marine fisheries / Reservoirs / Soils / Hydrological factors / Hydroelectric power / Economic impact / Economic analysis / Flow discharge / Flood control / Floodplains / Dam construction / Downstream / Upstream / Infrastructure / Manmade structures / Natural environment / Climate change
Record No:H049163
Quantifying the services of natural and built infrastructure in the context of climate change: the case of the Tana River Basin, Kenya
This report presents findings from a study conducted to explore the synergies and trade-offs between built (i.e., engineered) and natural (i.e., ecological systems) infrastructure in the Tana River Basin, Kenya. The study considered hydrological, ecological and economic processes in order to value flow-related ecosystem services. It provides quantitative insights into the links between flow and the benefits derived from both built and natural infrastructure. The results provide initial perspectives not just on the monetary values of a number of ecosystem services (and how they change as flows vary and are altered by large dams) but also, importantly, aspects of equity and social inclusion, that also need to be considered in decision-making.
Land management / Decision making / Grazing / Smallholders / Ecosystem services / Cost benefit analysis / River basins / Sediment / Coastal area / Flood irrigation / Inland fisheries / Estuarine fisheries / Marine fisheries / Reservoirs / Soils / Hydrological factors / Hydroelectric power / Economic impact / Economic analysis / Flow discharge / Flood control / Floodplains / Dam construction / Downstream / Upstream / Infrastructure / Manmade structures / Natural environment / Climate change
Record No:H049163
Report
Marginalization / Equity / Small scale systems / Regulations / Political aspects / Rural population / Investment / Authorities / State intervention / Economic aspects / Colonialism / Water security / Water distribution / Water governance / Water policy / Water allocation / Water management / Water rights / Water use / Water users / Water resources / Water law / Customary law / Legal pluralism / Legislation
Record No:H048956
A hybrid approach to decolonize formal water law in Africa
In recent decades, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have pursued national water permit systems, derived from the colonial era and reinforced by “global best practice.” These systems have proved logistically impossible to manage and have worsened inequality in water access. A new study conducted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Pegasys Institute, with support from the UK government, traces the origins of these systems, and describes their implementation and consequences for rural smallholders in five countries – Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The authors of this report propose a hybrid water use rights system to decolonize Africa’s water law, lighten the administrative burden on the state and make legal access to water more equitable. This would strengthen smallholder irrigation, which is vital for boosting Africa’s food production and making it more resilient in the face of worsening drought.
Marginalization / Equity / Small scale systems / Regulations / Political aspects / Rural population / Investment / Authorities / State intervention / Economic aspects / Colonialism / Water security / Water distribution / Water governance / Water policy / Water allocation / Water management / Water rights / Water use / Water users / Water resources / Water law / Customary law / Legal pluralism / Legislation
Record No:H048956
Report
Innovation scaling / Case studies / Farmer-led irrigation / s participation / Womenapos / Small scale systems / Markets / Rural communities / Regulations / Groundwater / Water management / Water supply / Nutrition / Food security / Intensification / Investment / Agricultural production / Irrigated farming / Economic aspects / Supply chain / Financing / Agricultural financial policy / Renewable energy / Policy making / Corporate culture / Environmental impact / Environmental sustainability / Alternative methods / Farmers / Smallholders / Pumping / Irrigation practices / Irrigation methods / Energy policies / Solar energy / Models / Business management
Record No:H048583
Business model scenarios and suitability: smallholder solar pump-based irrigation in Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management – Making a Business Case for Smallholders
This report outlines a business model approach to assessing the feasibility and for encouraging investment in smallholder solar pump irrigation. It also proposes a new methodology for mapping the suitability of solar energy-based irrigation pumps. The proposed business model framework and the methodology for suitability mapping are applied to Ethiopia as a case study, based on data from existing case studies and reports. A brief analysis outlines the regulatory and institutional context for investment in solar pump irrigation, and the ways in which it both constrains and attempts to support investment. The report identifies and outlines three business model scenarios that present opportunities for investing in smallholder solar pump-based irrigation, which would contribute towards sustainable intensification for food and nutrition security. The business model scenarios are based on the value proposition of supplying water to smallholder farmers for irrigated agricultural production. Analysis of potential gains and benefits suggests that direct purchase of solar pumps by farmers is feasible, and that out-grower schemes and pump supplier options with bundled financing offer promising solutions. The potential constraints that different investors may face in up-scaling the business models are also discussed, particularly within institutional, regulatory and financial contexts. The report provides development actors and investors with evidence-based information on the suitability and sustainability of solar pump irrigation in Ethiopia, as well as suggestions for helping to enable smallholders to invest in individually-owned, smallholder photovoltaic (PV) solar pumps.
Innovation scaling / Case studies / Farmer-led irrigation / s participation / Womenapos / Small scale systems / Markets / Rural communities / Regulations / Groundwater / Water management / Water supply / Nutrition / Food security / Intensification / Investment / Agricultural production / Irrigated farming / Economic aspects / Supply chain / Financing / Agricultural financial policy / Renewable energy / Policy making / Corporate culture / Environmental impact / Environmental sustainability / Alternative methods / Farmers / Smallholders / Pumping / Irrigation practices / Irrigation methods / Energy policies / Solar energy / Models / Business management
Record No:H048583
Report
Accountability / Policy making / Cotton / Crop production / State intervention / Labour / Infrastructure / Food security / Water resources development / Contract farming / Public-private cooperation / Gender / Resettlement / Land ownership / Land tenure / Irrigated farming / Small scale systems / Agricultural policy / Farming systems / Agribusiness / Farmers / Smallholders / Irrigation schemes / Joint ventures
Record No:H048492
Joint ventures in the Flag Boshielo Irrigation Scheme, South Africa: a history of smallholders, states and business
The report analyzes the changing tripartite constellations between South African black smallholders, the pre- and post-apartheid state, and the country’s large-scale agribusiness and irrigation industry. A recent mode of farming is the ‘joint venture’, in which smallholders hand over land and share in the net profits, while a strategic partner manages the cultivation with own inputs and equipment, and markets the output. With a focus on the 13 sub-schemes of the Flag Boshielo irrigation scheme in the former homeland of Lebowa (current Limpopo Province), the report analyzes the emergence of six joint ventures - the collapse of three and the troubled continuation of the other three. For the government’s support to joint ventures as one of the options of the revitalization of smallholder irrigation schemes in former homelands, it is recommended to ensure there is a robust bilateral contract between smallholders and the strategic partner, to strengthen land tenure arrangements, and to diversify irrigation technologies for women and men smallholders.
Accountability / Policy making / Cotton / Crop production / State intervention / Labour / Infrastructure / Food security / Water resources development / Contract farming / Public-private cooperation / Gender / Resettlement / Land ownership / Land tenure / Irrigated farming / Small scale systems / Agricultural policy / Farming systems / Agribusiness / Farmers / Smallholders / Irrigation schemes / Joint ventures
Record No:H048492
Report
Land cover / Socioeconomic environment / Risk management / Population / Impact assessment / Agriculture / Tsunamis / Sloping land / Coastal area / Water levels / Sea level / Temperature / Erosion / Rain / Drought / Flooding / Mapping / Weather hazards / Natural disasters / Climate change adaptation
Record No:H048140
Mapping multiple climate-related hazards in South Asia
This Research Report presents the first comprehensive overview of the multiple climate hazard risks, and the proposed key issues and challenges facing the South Asian region. This report suggests methods for mapping such risks and estimating their impacts on people and agriculture in South Asia. Regional, country-wise and sub-national assessment of five climate-related risks – floods, droughts, extreme rainfall, extreme temperature and sea-level rise – is carried out. The approach involves overlaying climate hazard, sensitivity and adaptive capacity maps, and follows the vulnerability assessment framework of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). A combined index based on hazard, exposure and adaptive capacity is introduced to identify areas susceptible to extreme risk. There is a lack of a systematic and comprehensive risk assessment capturing multiple climate hazards for the entire South Asian region and the need for a common framework for risk assessment. While this approach is well grounded in theories and integration of various spatial data including remote sensing data to derive hazard information, there is a clear need for linking additional elements from the ground at a finer scale among various sectors in developing comprehensive risk assessment information for a disaster risk management plan and promoting risk financing strategies.
Land cover / Socioeconomic environment / Risk management / Population / Impact assessment / Agriculture / Tsunamis / Sloping land / Coastal area / Water levels / Sea level / Temperature / Erosion / Rain / Drought / Flooding / Mapping / Weather hazards / Natural disasters / Climate change adaptation
Record No:H048140
Report
Food security / Environmental flows / Models / Applied research / Costs / Sustainable development / Equity / Groundwater depletion / Poverty / Farm income / Crop yield / Crop production / Performance indexes / Irrigation systems / Irrigated land / Irrigation efficiency / Water supply / Water scarcity / Water allocation / Water conservation / Water use efficiency / Water accounting / Water management / Water resources / Water productivity / Agricultural system / Agricultural production
Record No:H048036
Beyond “More Crop per Drop”: evolving thinking on agricultural water productivity
This Research Report chronicles the evolution of thinking on water productivity in the research agenda of IWMI and in the broader irrigation literature over the past 20 years. It describes the origins of the concept and the methodological developments, its operationalization through applied research, and some lessons learned over the two decades of research. This report further highlights how a focus on agricultural water productivity has brought greater attention to critical water scarcity issues, and the role of agricultural water management in supporting broader development objectives such as increasing agricultural production, reducing agricultural water use, raising farm-level incomes, and alleviating poverty and inequity. Yet, reliance on a single-factor productivity metric, such as agricultural water productivity defined as “crop per drop,” in multi-factor and multi-output production processes can mask the complexity of agricultural systems as well as the trade-offs required to achieve desired outcomes. The findings from this retrospective underscore the limitations of single-factor productivity metrics while also highlighting opportunities to support more comprehensive approaches to address water scarcity concerns and, ultimately, achieve the broader development objectives.
Food security / Environmental flows / Models / Applied research / Costs / Sustainable development / Equity / Groundwater depletion / Poverty / Farm income / Crop yield / Crop production / Performance indexes / Irrigation systems / Irrigated land / Irrigation efficiency / Water supply / Water scarcity / Water allocation / Water conservation / Water use efficiency / Water accounting / Water management / Water resources / Water productivity / Agricultural system / Agricultural production
Record No:H048036
Report
Models / Hydrology / Runoff / Indicators / Stakeholders / Ecosystems / Aquifers / Water availability / Water management / Water resources / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater extraction / Surface water / Stream flow / River basins / Rivers / Development policy / Sustainable development / Environmental management / Environmental flows
Record No:H048035
Global environmental flow information for the sustainable development goals
Environmental flows (EF) are an important component of Goal 6 (the ‘water goal’) of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet, many countries still do not have well-defined criteria on how to define EF. In this study, we bring together the International Water Management Institute’s (IWMI’s) expertise and previous research in this area to develop a new methodology to quantify EF at a global scale. EF are developed for grids (0.1 degree spatial resolution) for different levels of health (defined as environmental management classes [EMCs]) of river sections. Additionally, EF have been separated into surface water and groundwater components, which also helps in developing sustainable groundwater abstraction (SGWA) limits. An online tool has been developed to calculate EF and SGWA in any area of interest.
Models / Hydrology / Runoff / Indicators / Stakeholders / Ecosystems / Aquifers / Water availability / Water management / Water resources / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater extraction / Surface water / Stream flow / River basins / Rivers / Development policy / Sustainable development / Environmental management / Environmental flows
Record No:H048035
Report
Cropping systems / Pumping / Renewable energy / Solar energy / Aquifers / Cost benefit analysis / Drought / Flooding / Monsoon climate / Climate change / Industrial uses / Runoff water / Surface water / Irrigation water / Domestic water / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater depletion / Groundwater irrigation / River basin management / Water accounting / Water quality / Water storage / Water use / Water supply / Water resources / Water demand
Record No:H047712
Reviving the Ganges water machine: potential and challenges to meet increasing water demand in the Ganges River Basin
Although the Ganges River Basin (GRB) has abundant water resources, the seasonal monsoon causes a mismatch in water supply and demand, which creates severe water-related challenges for the people living in the basin, the rapidly growing economy and the environment. Addressing these increasing challenges will depend on how people manage the basin’s groundwater resources, on which the reliance will increase further due to limited prospects for additional surface storage development. This report assesses the potential of the Ganges Water Machine (GWM), a concept proposed 40 years ago, to meet the increasing water demand through groundwater, and mitigate the impacts of floods and droughts. The GWM provides additional subsurface storage (SSS) through the accelerated use of groundwater prior to the onset of the monsoon season, and subsequent recharging of this SSS through monsoon surface runoff. It was identified that there is potential to enhance SSS through managed aquifer recharge during the monsoon season, and to use solar energy for groundwater pumping, which is financially more viable than using diesel as practiced in many areas at present. The report further explores the limitations associated with water quality issues for pumping and recharge in the GRB, and discusses other related challenges, including availability of land for recharge structures and people’s willingness to increase the cropping intensity beyond the present level.
Cropping systems / Pumping / Renewable energy / Solar energy / Aquifers / Cost benefit analysis / Drought / Flooding / Monsoon climate / Climate change / Industrial uses / Runoff water / Surface water / Irrigation water / Domestic water / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater depletion / Groundwater irrigation / River basin management / Water accounting / Water quality / Water storage / Water use / Water supply / Water resources / Water demand
Record No:H047712
Report
Runoff / Living standards / Impact assessment / Planning / Policy making / Paddy fields / Catchment areas / Downstream control / Stream flow / River basins / Wetlands / Soils / Water resources / Forest cover / Land use / Land cover / Models / Geography / Geomorphology / Floodplains / Temperature / Rain / Flow discharge / Ecosystems
Record No:H047530
Evaluating the flow regulating effects of ecosystems in the Mekong and Volta river basins
By altering evapotranspiration and influencing how water is routed and stored in a basin, natural and agrarian ecosystems affect river flow. To quantify the impact of ecosystems on streamflow in two large river basins in Asia and Africa, simple statistical relationships were calculated, enabling flow characteristics to be ascertained from basic catchment features. This approach allows the impact of specified land-use change on streamflow to be determined. For example, it shows that extending paddy areas in the Mekong River Basin reduces downstream low flows, while conversion of forests to crops increases the magnitude of downstream floods in the Volta River Basin. The approach could assist river basin planners to better account for flow-related ecosystem services.
Runoff / Living standards / Impact assessment / Planning / Policy making / Paddy fields / Catchment areas / Downstream control / Stream flow / River basins / Wetlands / Soils / Water resources / Forest cover / Land use / Land cover / Models / Geography / Geomorphology / Floodplains / Temperature / Rain / Flow discharge / Ecosystems
Record No:H047530
Report
Case studies / Impact assessment / Disaster risk reduction / Flow discharge / Subsurface runof / Underground storage / Water resources / Water storage / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater depletion / Corporate culture / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / River basins / Drought / Floodplains / Flood irrigation / Flood control / Climate change
Record No:H047460
Controlling floods and droughts through underground storage: from concept to pilot implementation in the Ganges River Basin
The concept of ‘Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation’ (UTFI) is introduced as an approach for co-managing floods and droughts at the river basin scale. UTFI involves strategic recharge of aquifers upstream during periods of high flow, thereby preventing local and downstream flooding, and simultaneously providing additional groundwater for irrigation during the dry season for livelihood improvement. Three key stages in moving UTFI from the concept stage to mainstream implementation are discussed. An analysis of prospects in the Ganges River Basin are revealed from the earliest stage of mapping of suitability at the watershed level through to the latest stages of identifying and setting up the first pilot trial in the Upper Ganges, where a comprehensive evaluation is under way. If UTFI can be verified then there is enormous potential to apply it to address climate change adaptation/mitigation and disaster risk reduction challenges globally.
Case studies / Impact assessment / Disaster risk reduction / Flow discharge / Subsurface runof / Underground storage / Water resources / Water storage / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater recharge / Groundwater depletion / Corporate culture / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / River basins / Drought / Floodplains / Flood irrigation / Flood control / Climate change
Record No:H047460
Report
Case studies / Farmers / Smallholders / Sustainability / Agriculture / Arsenic compounds / Hydrology / Geology / Investment / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Pumping / Tube wells / Arid zones / Living standards / Domestic water / Water market / Water quality / Water availability / Water resources / Water use / Groundwater management / Groundwater assessment / Groundwater recharge / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation / Irrigation systems
Record No:H047229
Integrated assessment of groundwater use for improving livelihoods in the dry zone of Myanmar
In the Dry Zone of Myanmar, improved access to water is widely acknowledged as being vital for livelihood enhancement and the general well-being of around 10 million people, most of whom depend on agriculture. Thus, expanding the sustainable use of groundwater is of great importance for socioeconomic development. According to this study, opportunities for accessing groundwater are generally good, and development of the resource has steadily increased over the years. However, there still appears to be good prospects for expanding groundwater use for irrigation, with a view to increasing agricultural production. Provision of affordable mechanical technologies for drilling wells and support with credit facilities to purchase small-capacity motorized pumps for irrigation could improve food security and livelihoods, where there is potential to expand groundwater use. Replenishable groundwater resources of the Dry Zone are likely to be less than previously thought. Thus, it is important to find the right balance between increasing development of the resource for enhanced irrigation, while also protecting its existing beneficial use for communities and the environment.
Case studies / Farmers / Smallholders / Sustainability / Agriculture / Arsenic compounds / Hydrology / Geology / Investment / Cost benefit analysis / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Pumping / Tube wells / Arid zones / Living standards / Domestic water / Water market / Water quality / Water availability / Water resources / Water use / Groundwater management / Groundwater assessment / Groundwater recharge / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation / Irrigation systems
Record No:H047229
Report
Sustainability / Education / Capacity building / Policy making / Rural communities / Social structure / Labour productivity / Precipitation / Climate change / Crop production / Investment / Budgets / Income / Economic aspects / Households / Drinking water / Watershed management / River basins / Calibration / Water storage
Record No:H047183
Demonstrating complexity with a roleplaying simulation: investing in water in the Indrawati Subbasin, Nepal
Rural people in Nepal and other developing nations are part of complex, social-ecological systems. Efforts to provide assistance to these people must integrate knowledge from a variety of perspectives. This report documents the use of a role-playing game, supported by an agent-based model, to demonstrate the interaction between migration, social capital and the effectiveness of water storage. The importance of these interactions was highlighted by fieldwork conducted at several sites in the Koshi River Basin. The model underlying the game was a stylized representation based on the Indrawati Subbasin northeast of Kathmandu, Nepal. The report highlights that (a) role-playing tournaments can be an effective way to engage technical and policy experts with the complex interactions between the social and physical dimensions of watershed management; and (b) migration and the economic changes which drive these interactions are forces that need to be accepted, and investments in water storage need to be selected depending on how they fit into these trends.
Sustainability / Education / Capacity building / Policy making / Rural communities / Social structure / Labour productivity / Precipitation / Climate change / Crop production / Investment / Budgets / Income / Economic aspects / Households / Drinking water / Watershed management / River basins / Calibration / Water storage
Record No:H047183
Report
Incentives / Costs / Investment / Households / Cultivators / Farmers / Pumping / Tube well irrigation / Political aspects / Water market / Water use / Groundwater irrigation / s rights / Tenantapos / Land reform / Land tenure / Land ownership
Record No:H047059
Landlordism, tenants and the groundwater sector: lessons from Tarai-Madhesh, Nepal
Over recent decades, there has been a shift in the focus of government irrigation schemes towards groundwater development throughout the Gangetic Plains, especially in the Nepal Tarai-Madhesh. This report explores the impact of landlord-tenant relations on access to groundwater irrigation. Tenant farmers have a reduced incentive to invest in pumping equipment and the boring of tube wells due to the high cost involved, insecure tenure and high rent payments, while landlords themselves have been shown to offer little support. The report suggests that it is crucial that policymakers are aware of the challenges posed by landlordism today in the Tarai and elsewhere in the Gangetic Plains, and remain engaged in debates over land reform. There are also a number of initiatives which could facilitate more equitable access to groundwater, which include allowing tenants without legal papers to apply for groundwater irrigation, systems for collective ownership of equipment, and greater targeting of programs and policies towards the tenant farmer class.
Incentives / Costs / Investment / Households / Cultivators / Farmers / Pumping / Tube well irrigation / Political aspects / Water market / Water use / Groundwater irrigation / s rights / Tenantapos / Land reform / Land tenure / Land ownership
Record No:H047059
Report
Case studies / Rivers / Farmers / Water resources / Groundwater / Productivity / Poverty / Rural areas / Pumps / Technology / Agriculture / Irrigation methods / Irrigation schemes / Small scale farming / Traditional farming / Cooperation / Social aspects
Record No:H046837
Is ‘Social Cooperation’ for traditional irrigation, while ‘Technology’ is for motor pump irrigation?
Based on a case study in Ethiopia, this paper shows that while farmers understand the social nature of community-managed irrigation, they share a narrow understanding of pump irrigation with policymakers as being primarily ‘technical’. They perceive pumps as liberating them from the ‘social’ limitations of traditional communal irrigation. However, the rapid expansion of pump irrigation is leading to increasing competition and conflict over limited water resources. We analyze the wider implications for Africa of this lack of visibility of the social dimension of pump irrigation, and offer suggestions for future policy and applied research to address the problem before it becomes a widespread crisis.
Case studies / Rivers / Farmers / Water resources / Groundwater / Productivity / Poverty / Rural areas / Pumps / Technology / Agriculture / Irrigation methods / Irrigation schemes / Small scale farming / Traditional farming / Cooperation / Social aspects
Record No:H046837
Report
Case studies / Profitability / Cost benefit analysis / Pumps / Drainage water / Food security / Irrigated farming / Irrigation water / Yields / Crop management / Conflict / Adaptation / Farmers / Canals / Deltas / Water availability / Water scarcity
Record No:H046836
Understanding farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity: a case study from the western Nile Delta, Egypt
This study was undertaken to analyze farmers’ adaption to water scarcity in the command area of a secondary canal in the Nile Delta of Egypt. The results revealed that farmers’ responses were driven by a multiplicity of factors, beyond water scarcity or profit maximization. These additional factors include food security of the family, risk management, social capital and history of farmers, and most unexpectedly the collective dimension of crop choice. The findings of this study expose the limitations of projects, modeling exercises or policy recommendations that are too often based on the oversimplified view of profit maximization as the basis of farming system dynamics.
Case studies / Profitability / Cost benefit analysis / Pumps / Drainage water / Food security / Irrigated farming / Irrigation water / Yields / Crop management / Conflict / Adaptation / Farmers / Canals / Deltas / Water availability / Water scarcity
Record No:H046836
Report
Case studies / Property rights / Land management / Social aspects / Political aspects / Economic aspects / Models / Hydrology / Agrarian structure / Women farmers / Gender / Water availability / Migration / Tanks / Ponds / Water storage / Climate change
Record No:H046684
Climate change, out-migration and agrarian stress: the potential for upscaling small-scale water storage in Nepal
Climate change could have a critical impact on agriculture in Nepal due to dry-season water shortages, and changes in the variability of water availability and associated uncertainty. This makes water storage systems (most notably ponds and tanks) increasingly important. This report explores the potential role of small-scale water storage infrastructure in two subbasins within the larger Koshi River Basin in central and eastern Nepal, yet shows that upscaling such infrastructure requires an appreciation of the other drivers of change in agriculture aside from climate (e.g., rising cost of living and poor terms of trade for agriculture). It also identifies the social relations and dynamics (distribution of land, water and labor) which could mediate the success of future interventions. It is clear from the research that, while small-scale water storage has the potential to significantly strengthen livelihoods in the Nepali hills, it is necessary to tailor projects to the existing political-economic context.
Case studies / Property rights / Land management / Social aspects / Political aspects / Economic aspects / Models / Hydrology / Agrarian structure / Women farmers / Gender / Water availability / Migration / Tanks / Ponds / Water storage / Climate change
Record No:H046684
Report
Forecasting / Sustainability / Feed crops / Animal products / Nutrients / Irrigated land / Rice / Food consumption / Food supply / Groundwater / Water productivity / Water demand / Water supply
Record No:H046592
Water for food in Bangladesh: outlook to 2030
This research study shows that ‘business-as-usual’ scenarios will have substantial production surpluses of rice, which dominates water use patterns in the country at present. However, the surpluses come at a considerable environmental cost, due to high levels of groundwater depletion. Bangladesh can mitigate potential groundwater crises by limiting rice production to meet the requirements of self-sufficiency. Increases in water productivity of both Aman (wet season) and Boro (dry season) rice production can help too. A carefully designed deficit irrigation regime for Boro rice can also increase transpiration, yield, water productivity and production, and reduce the pressure on scarce groundwater resources.
Forecasting / Sustainability / Feed crops / Animal products / Nutrients / Irrigated land / Rice / Food consumption / Food supply / Groundwater / Water productivity / Water demand / Water supply
Record No:H046592
Report
Case studies / Water user associations / Income / Poverty / Households / Farms / Agriculture sector / Employment / Female labor / Women / Gender / Feminization / Land reform
Record No:H046493
Land reforms and feminization of agricultural labor in Sughd province, Tajikistan
This report analyzes the influence of agrarian transformations on the feminization of agricultural production in rural Tajikistan. It explores women’s multiple labor relations for meeting basic needs of the household. The evidence shows that households have to depend on more types of agricultural work to secure day-to-day as well as long-term livelihood security. Overall, feminization appears in different types and groupings. The implication is that women in agriculture might not be adequately targeted in policies or integrated within intervention programs.
Case studies / Water user associations / Income / Poverty / Households / Farms / Agriculture sector / Employment / Female labor / Women / Gender / Feminization / Land reform
Record No:H046493
Report
Income / Economic growth / Water use / Irrigation efficiency / Agricultural sector / Secondary sector / Domestic water / Planning / Water resources / Forecasting / Water demand
Record No:H046577
Global water demand projections: past, present and future
A review of global water demand projections (WDPs) show substantial overpredictions or under-predictions. The pre-1990 WDPs, with population as the main driver of change, overpredicted current water use by 20 to 130%. The post-1990 WDPs, with sophisticated modeling frameworks, show substantial underestimation under the ‘business-as-usual’ scenarios and are more downward biased under sustainable scenarios. Overall, the value of long-term country-level projections in global WDPs is inadequate for local water resource planning. To increase the accuracy and value of global WDPs, future WDPs should take into account the spatial variation and influence of rapidly changing key exogenous and endogenous drivers of water demand in different sectors across and within countries, and provide a sensitivity analysis of projections.
Income / Economic growth / Water use / Irrigation efficiency / Agricultural sector / Secondary sector / Domestic water / Planning / Water resources / Forecasting / Water demand
Record No:H046577
Report
Soil moisture / Stakeholders / Local communities / Flooding / Rainwater management / Water level / Groundwater / Watersheds / River basins / Meteorological stations / Networks / Participatory approaches / Monitoring / Hydrometeorology
Record No:H046390
A participatory approach for hydrometeorological monitoring in the Blue Nile River Basin of Ethiopia
Participatory research is increasingly recognized as being useful for conducting multiple activities in research for development projects. The co-learning environment created in participatory research helps to identify existing social and technological gaps, and develop possible solutions to improve the livelihoods of rural communities. This report describes a participatory approach used in the establishment and implementation of hydrometeorological monitoring networks in the Blue Nile River Basin of Ethiopia. The networks were established with the involvement of rural communities and other stakeholders to gain insights into the hydrological processes of the watersheds, in order to improve rainwater management strategies. Local people were involved in the day-to-day management and maintenance of the networks. The participatory approach proved beneficial for several reasons, not least, because it instilled trust and goodwill amongst the communities.
Soil moisture / Stakeholders / Local communities / Flooding / Rainwater management / Water level / Groundwater / Watersheds / River basins / Meteorological stations / Networks / Participatory approaches / Monitoring / Hydrometeorology
Record No:H046390
Report
Soil conservation / Landscape / Watersheds / River basins / Economic aspects / Living standards / Households / Gender / Farmers / Rainwater / Water conservation / Water management
Record No:H046434
Determinants of adoption of rainwater management technologies among farm households in the Nile River Basin
Agriculture is the main sector of the Ethiopian economy. Uneven distribution of rainfall, droughts and high rainfall intensities contribute to low agricultural productivity and high levels of food insecurity. High population growth, the cultivation of steep and marginal lands, poor land management practices and lack of effective rainwater management (RWM) strategies aggravate the situation. Studies show that the adoption of RWM technologies is low and is influenced by several factors. This study assesses the patterns and the factors that influence farm household adoption of RWM technologies. Unlike previous studies which typically examined a single technology rather than the interdependence between technologies, the conceptual framework of this study is based on the premise that farmers are more likely to adopt a combination of promising RWM technologies. The need to consider this interdependence is one of the many recommendations made by this study to promote the adoption of RWM technologies.
Soil conservation / Landscape / Watersheds / River basins / Economic aspects / Living standards / Households / Gender / Farmers / Rainwater / Water conservation / Water management
Record No:H046434
Report
Capacity building / Action plan / Policy / Stakeholders / Governance / Agricultural development / Urban agriculture
Record No:H046246
Facilitating outcomes: multi-stakeholder processes for influencing policy change on urban agriculture in selected West African and South Asian cities
The Multi-stakeholder Policy Formulation and Action Planning approach was applied in the context of a multi-city study to influence and/or change policies that govern urban agriculture practices in three African and two Asian countries. Although the approach was successful and resulted in remarkable outcomes, it showed space for improvement to facilitate its application. The study also showed that there are significant regional differences in how best to achieve policy change, which require careful attention in order to achieve the highest returns on investment in the facilitation of impact pathways.
Capacity building / Action plan / Policy / Stakeholders / Governance / Agricultural development / Urban agriculture
Record No:H046246
Report
Poverty / Population density / Socioeconomic environment / Soil moisture / River basins / Rain / Climate change / Indicators / Reservoirs / Aquifers / Tanks / Ponds / Water storage / Water resources / Agriculture
Record No:H045948
Agricultural water storage in an era of climate change: assessing need and effectiveness in Africa
By mitigating the vagaries of climate variability, agricultural water storage is widely anticipated to make a key contribution to climate change adaptation in Africa. However, if the planning of water storage is not improved, it is likely that many investments will fail to fully deliver intended benefits. This report describes the agricultural water storage continuum and some of the possible implications of climate change. A simple diagnostic tool which can be used to provide a rapid evaluation of the need and effectiveness of different water storage options, under existing and possible future climate conditions, is presented.
Poverty / Population density / Socioeconomic environment / Soil moisture / River basins / Rain / Climate change / Indicators / Reservoirs / Aquifers / Tanks / Ponds / Water storage / Water resources / Agriculture
Record No:H045948
Report
Models / Soil profile / Irrigated land / Infiltration / Artificial recharge / Reservoirs / Wells / Water storage / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater development / Canals / Groundwater irrigation / Downstream / Upstream / Flow discharge / River basins / Valleys / Water shortage / Recharge / Aquifers / Water management
Record No:H046102
Managed aquifer recharge: the solution for water shortages in the Fergana Valley. In Russian
Doubling of population, since the 1970s, in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia led to the increased demand for water and energy. The shift of the key upstream reservoir on the Naryn River, main tributary of the Syrdarya River, from irrigation to hydropower generation reduced available water for irrigation in the summer and created excessive flows in the winter. The downstream reservoirs do not have free capacities for storing the excessive winter flows. This report examines the possibility of additional subsurface storages of water in a part of the Syrdarya River Basin, the Fergana Valley. The report aims to bring the attention of policymakers to alternative development of basin water management, which requires cooperation of riparian states in the use of water and energy.
Models / Soil profile / Irrigated land / Infiltration / Artificial recharge / Reservoirs / Wells / Water storage / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater development / Canals / Groundwater irrigation / Downstream / Upstream / Flow discharge / River basins / Valleys / Water shortage / Recharge / Aquifers / Water management
Record No:H046102
Report
Models / Soil profile / Irrigated land / Infiltration / Artificial recharge / Reservoirs / Wells / Water storage / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater development / Canals / Groundwater irrigation / Downstream / Upstream / Flow discharge / River basins / Valleys / Water shortage / Recharge / Aquifers / Water management
Record No:H046061
Managed aquifer recharge: the solution for water shortages in the Fergana Valley
Doubling of population, since the 1970s, in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia led to the increased demand for water and energy. The shift of the key upstream reservoir on the Naryn River, main tributary of the Syrdarya River, from irrigation to hydropower generation reduced available water for irrigation in the summer and created excessive flows in the winter. The downstream reservoirs do not have free capacities for storing the excessive winter flows. This report examines the possibility of additional subsurface storages of water in a part of the Syrdarya River Basin, the Fergana Valley. The report aims to bring the attention of policymakers to alternative development of basin water management, which requires cooperation of riparian states in the use of water and energy.
Models / Soil profile / Irrigated land / Infiltration / Artificial recharge / Reservoirs / Wells / Water storage / Groundwater extraction / Groundwater development / Canals / Groundwater irrigation / Downstream / Upstream / Flow discharge / River basins / Valleys / Water shortage / Recharge / Aquifers / Water management
Record No:H046061
Report
Simulation models / Precipitation / Climate change / Hydrological cycle / Flow discharge / Catchment areas / River basins / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / Water resources / Seasonal variation / Assessment / Melt water / Snow cover / Snowmelt / Runoff / Glaciers
Record No:H045909
Glacier systems and seasonal snow cover in six major Asian river basins: hydrological role under changing climate
The hydrological roles of glaciers and seasonal snow in the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Mekong basins are, for the first time, assessed comprehensively at a major river basin scale in this paper. Contribution of glacier runoff, subdivided into renewable and nonrenewable components, and seasonal snowmelt to mean annual flow is evaluated for two time slices: 1961-1990 and 2001-2010. The recent changes of the hydrological roles of glaciers and snow, and the most likely changes of those under future climate change are analyzed.
Simulation models / Precipitation / Climate change / Hydrological cycle / Flow discharge / Catchment areas / River basins / Aquifers / Groundwater recharge / Water resources / Seasonal variation / Assessment / Melt water / Snow cover / Snowmelt / Runoff / Glaciers
Record No:H045909
Report
Institutions / Models / Surveys / Mountains / Hydrological cycle / Water storage / Water availability / Water resources / Remote sensing / Impact assessment / Climate change / River basins / Snow cover / Seasonality / Monitoring / Glaciers
Record No:H045908
Glacier systems and seasonal snow cover in six major Asian river basins: water storage properties under changing climate
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the water storage properties of glaciers and seasonal snow, carried out for the first time at a major river basin scale, for the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Mekong basins. It analyzes the changes of glaciers and snow under recent climate change, i.e., between the baseline (1961-1990) and current (2001-2010) periods. The paper also addresses climate change sensitivity of glacier systems and the changes that might be expected under a warming scenario for the end of the twenty-first century.
Institutions / Models / Surveys / Mountains / Hydrological cycle / Water storage / Water availability / Water resources / Remote sensing / Impact assessment / Climate change / River basins / Snow cover / Seasonality / Monitoring / Glaciers
Record No:H045908
Report
Time series analysis / Evaporation / Hydrological cycle / Runoff / Rain / Floodplains / Wetlands / Woodlands / Vegetation / Forests / Flow control / Ecosystems / River basins
Record No:H045844
Evaluating the flow regulating functions of natural ecosystems in the Zambezi River Basin
By affecting evapotranspiration and influencing how water is routed and stored in a basin, forests, wetlands and floodplains play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle. Although they are widely attributed a major role in regulating flows (i.e., both attenuating floods and maintaining flow during dry periods), these services are rarely factored into the planning and management of water resources. One reason for the failure to include them is lack of understanding. Very often the extent to which natural regulating functions really occur is unclear. Against this background, this report describes a simple, pragmatic approach for quantifying the flow regulating functions of natural ecosystems. The method has been applied at 14 locations in the Zambezi River Basin.
Time series analysis / Evaporation / Hydrological cycle / Runoff / Rain / Floodplains / Wetlands / Woodlands / Vegetation / Forests / Flow control / Ecosystems / River basins
Record No:H045844
Report
GIS / Case studies / Income / Living standards / Households / Sanitation / Health hazards / Drinking water / Crop production / Irrigated farming / Water supply / Water use / Water quality / Irrigated sites / Sewage / Urban areas / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater irrigation / Water management
Record No:H045769
Urban wastewater and agricultural reuse challenges in India
More than 1 million hectares of urban land in India could be irrigated for crops if wastewater was made safe for use. Lack of systematic data collection by municipalities makes it difficult to accurately assess the wastewater generation or estimate the total amount of urban area under wastewater irrigation, so the potential of urban and peri-urban farming could be even greater. This study attempted to analyze the current status of wastewater generation, its uses and livelihood benefits especially in agriculture, based on national data and case studies from Ahmedabad, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Kanpur and Kolkata.
GIS / Case studies / Income / Living standards / Households / Sanitation / Health hazards / Drinking water / Crop production / Irrigated farming / Water supply / Water use / Water quality / Irrigated sites / Sewage / Urban areas / Wastewater treatment / Wastewater irrigation / Water management
Record No:H045769
Report
Livestock / Water demand / Irrigation water / Irrigation schemes / Water power / Simulation models / Water storage / Surface water / Groundwater recharge / Flow discharge / Hydrology / Evapotranspiration / Rain / Temperature / Water demand / Reservoirs / Water resources development / Climate change / River basins
Record No:H045520
The water resource implications of changing climate in the Volta River Basin [Africa]
The Volta River is one of the major rivers in Africa. In this study, a dynamic regional climate model (CCLM), a hydrological model (SWAT) and a water resource model (WEAP) were used to provide an assessment of one downscaled ‘middle impact’ climate change scenario on the performance of existing and planned irrigation and hydropower schemes. The results indicate that, by the middle of the twenty-first century, altered climate is likely to undermine the technical performance of existing and planned reservoirs, which will, in turn, affect development outcomes. Future water resources development in the basin requires interventions that bolster resilience and water security. Much more systematic planning of water storage, greater cooperation between the riparian states and consideration of innovative approaches to water storage are needed.
Livestock / Water demand / Irrigation water / Irrigation schemes / Water power / Simulation models / Water storage / Surface water / Groundwater recharge / Flow discharge / Hydrology / Evapotranspiration / Rain / Temperature / Water demand / Reservoirs / Water resources development / Climate change / River basins
Record No:H045520
Report
Land consolidation / Rice / Crops / Irrigated farming / Rotation irrigation / Irrigation systems / Irrigation development / Institutions / Participatory management / Irrigation management / Water saving / Water productivity / Water management
Record No:H045273
Water productivity in context: the experiences of Taiwan and the Philippines over the past half-century
As we enter an era of increasing water scarcity, there is a growing interest to find ways to capture and put water to more productive uses. Substantial increases in the productivity of water in agriculture are needed to meet the demands for food and ensure environmental security, and to satisfy the demands for non-agricultural uses. However, increasing water productivity in rice-dominated agriculture is a function of the irrigation infrastructure, advances in rice-plant breeding, and the physical, institutional and socioeconomic environments. This paper first describes the potential ways in which increased water productivity can be achieved in the context of rice production in Asia. It then illustrates the ways in which the differences in the environmental context affect the ability to increase water productivity, the approaches used and the incentives to do so. This is explained using two ‘case studies’ reflecting the experiences of Taiwan and the Philippines over the past half-century.
Land consolidation / Rice / Crops / Irrigated farming / Rotation irrigation / Irrigation systems / Irrigation development / Institutions / Participatory management / Irrigation management / Water saving / Water productivity / Water management
Record No:H045273
Report
Remote sensing / Irrigation / Small scale systems / Water user associations / Rural development / Multiple use / Costs / Investments / History / Institutions / Reservoirs
Record No:H045006
Revisiting dominant notions: a review of costs, performance and institutions of small reservoirs in Sub-Saharan Africa
This report investigates the dynamics of one of the most common agricultural water management practices of sub-Saharan Africa, i.e., small reservoirs. Small reservoirs dam permanent or temporary river flows and support multiple livelihood activities (livestock watering, crop cultivation, fisheries, small handicrafts, etc.) while providing water-related ecosystem services (soil and water conservation, flood and drought mitigation, etc.). Gathering evidence from four sub-Saharan countries, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Ethiopia and Zambia, this report calls for revisiting our understanding and assessment of the costs, performance and institutions for the management of small reservoirs. A more holistic analytical approach is the first step towards an integrative governance framework. This, in turn, holds the promise of sustainable management of small reservoirs.
Remote sensing / Irrigation / Small scale systems / Water user associations / Rural development / Multiple use / Costs / Investments / History / Institutions / Reservoirs
Record No:H045006
Report
Filtration / Wastewater treatment / Irrigation practices / Irrigation methods / Wastewater irrigation / Vegetable growing / Risk management / Health hazards / Public health / Consumers / Urban agriculture
Record No:H043829
Low-cost options for reducing consumer health risks from farm to fork where crops are irrigated with polluted water in West Africa
To identify interventions which reduce health risks of consumers where highly polluted irrigation water is used to irrigate vegetables in West Africa, scientists worked over 5 years with farmers, market traders and street food vendors in Ghana. The most promising low-cost interventions with high adoption potential were analyzed for their ability to reduce common levels of pathogens (counts of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs). The analysis showed the combination potential of various interventions, especially on-farm and during vegetable washing in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The tested market-based interventions were important to prevent new or additional contamination.
Filtration / Wastewater treatment / Irrigation practices / Irrigation methods / Wastewater irrigation / Vegetable growing / Risk management / Health hazards / Public health / Consumers / Urban agriculture
Record No:H043829
Report
Households / Poverty / Food security / Crop management / Water management / Investment / Irrigated land / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Smallholders / Agronomic practices / Wells / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H044687
Smallholder shallow groundwater irrigation development in the upper east region of Ghana
In sub-Saharan Africa, there is paucity of information on the potential of groundwater resources. The limited available information paints a pessimistic view about groundwater resources. Due to its perceived inadequate availability, groundwater associated with domestic use and the potential for using it for agriculture are not well reflected in the national irrigation polices. Contrary to official pessimism, farmers do use groundwater for agriculture in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana. This paper analyzes the current extent of use, economics, socioeconomic impacts, and constraints and opportunities of shallow groundwater irrigation based on the experiences of smallholders in the three micro-watersheds of the White Volta Basin in the Upper East Region of Ghana.
Households / Poverty / Food security / Crop management / Water management / Investment / Irrigated land / Social aspects / Economic aspects / Smallholders / Agronomic practices / Wells / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H044687
Report
Irrigation water / Water yield / Water balance / Statistical methods / Evapotranspiration / Precipitation / Simulation models / Hydrology / Climate change / River basins / Water resources
Record No:H044532
The impacts of water infrastructure and climate change on the hydrology of the Upper Ganges River Basin
This study assessed the variability of flows under present and apos;naturalizedapos; basin conditions in the Upper Ganges Basin (UGB). Furthermore, the PRECIS regional climate model (RCM) was used to generate climate projections for the UGB, with subsequent simulations of future river flows. Results show that the annual average precipitation, actual evapotranspiration (ET) and net water yields of the whole basin were 1,192 mm, 416 mm and 615 mm, respectively. Precipitation, ET and water yields were found to be higher in the forested and mountainous upper areas of the UGB. On an annual average, present-day flows throughout UGB are about 2-8% lower than under naturalized conditions. Dry and wet season flows under climate change (CC) scenario A2 are lower than that under present climate conditions at upstream locations, but higher at downstream locations of UGB. Flows under CC scenario B2 are systematically higher and lower than that under CC scenario A2 during dry and wet seasons, respectively.
Irrigation water / Water yield / Water balance / Statistical methods / Evapotranspiration / Precipitation / Simulation models / Hydrology / Climate change / River basins / Water resources
Record No:H044532
Report
Mapping / Evapotranspiration / Remote sensing / Models / River basins / Wheat / Rice / Yields / Crops / Water productivity
Record No:H043713
An assessment of crop water productivity in the Indus and Ganges River Basins: current status and scope for improvement
The Indus and Ganges River Basin, being the most populous in the world, is under extreme pressure to sustain food security. Production resources including water are being exploited to various levels from underdevelopment to heavy overexploitation. This report provides a bird’s eye view of the basin and focuses on the nexus between agricultural production and water consumption, making it possible to pinpoint the areas with high/low water productivity and identify the factors behind this, which helps to promote informed decision making in light of environmental sustainability.
Mapping / Evapotranspiration / Remote sensing / Models / River basins / Wheat / Rice / Yields / Crops / Water productivity
Record No:H043713
Report
Mapping / Remote sensing / Irrigation practices / Catchment areas / River basins / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H043521
Shallow groundwater in the Atankwidi Catchment of the White Volta Basin: current status and future sustainability
The Atankwidi Catchment, which lies in the White Volta Basin in West Africa, is intensively cultivated by locals for economic gains. During dry seasons, farmers irrigate their crops, chiefly tomatoes, using shallow groundwater harvested from shallow ponds they dig using simple tools like an axe, hoe, bucket and bowls. Recent expansion in cultivated areas has brought to the fore the need to estimate the volume of shallow groundwater stored in the catchment’s underlying aquifer and to what extent it can sustain the incremental growth in irrigated areas.
Mapping / Remote sensing / Irrigation practices / Catchment areas / River basins / Aquifers / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H043521
Report
Milk production / Wheat / Rice / Water use / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater depletion
Record No:H043447
Bailout with white revolution or sink deeper?: groundwater depletion and impacts in the Moga District of Punjab, India
Moga District in Punjab, India, is a microcosm of the twin story of irrigation-induced growth and stress. The groundwater consumptive water use in agriculture exceeds the recharge by a substantial margin. Rice production contributes to a major part of this difference. The groundwater depletion is so critical that diversifying agriculture is the only way forward for sustainable agricultural growth. Reducing the rice area and intensifying milk production will be a win-win situation for both the farmers and the area reeling with a groundwater crisis.
Milk production / Wheat / Rice / Water use / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater depletion
Record No:H043447
Report
Food security / Poverty / Ecosystems / Productivity / Agriculture / Wetlands
Record No:H043566
Wetlands, agriculture and poverty reduction
In many places, growing population, in conjunction with efforts to increase food security, is escalating pressure to expand agriculture within wetlands. The environmental impact of wetland agriculture can have profound social and economic repercussions for people dependent on ecosystem services other than those provided directly by agriculture. If wetlands are not used sustainably, the functions which support agriculture, as well as other food security and ecosystem services, are undermined. This report synthesizes findings from multidisciplinary studies conducted into sustainable wetland agriculture by IWMI and partners in Africa and Asia. It highlights the value of wetland agriculture for poverty reduction as well as the need for more systematic planning that takes into account trade-offs in the multiple services that wetlands provide.
Food security / Poverty / Ecosystems / Productivity / Agriculture / Wetlands
Record No:H043566
Report
Sea level / Biofuels / Land use / Population growth / Water power / Ecosystems / Fisheries / Groundwater / Water quality / Water availability / River basins / Water resource management / Indicators / Adaptation / Climate change
Record No:H043300
Climate change, water and agriculture in the Greater Mekong subregion
The impacts of climate change on agriculture and food production in Southeast Asia will be largely mediated through water, but climate is only one driver of change. Water resources in the region will be shaped by a complex mixture of social, economic and environmental factors. This report reviews the current status and trends in water management in the Greater Mekong Subregion; assesses likely impacts of climate change on water resources to 2050; examines water management strategies in the context of climate and other changes; and identifies priority actions for governments and communities to improve resilience of the water sector and safeguard food production.
Sea level / Biofuels / Land use / Population growth / Water power / Ecosystems / Fisheries / Groundwater / Water quality / Water availability / River basins / Water resource management / Indicators / Adaptation / Climate change
Record No:H043300
Report
Mapping / Crops / Water resource management / Rain / Climate change
Record No:H043003
Impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture in Sri Lanka: a review and preliminary vulnerability mapping
There is ample evidence to suggest that Sri Lanka’s climate has already changed. However, the bigger question of national importance is what Sri Lanka’s climate will look like in 50 or 100 years and how prepared the country is to face such changes. This report reviews the status of climate change (CC) research/activities in Sri Lanka in terms of observed and projected climatic changes, their impacts on water resources and agriculture, CC mitigation and adaptation, and research needs. The study also developed a pilot level CC Vulnerability Index, which was subsequently mapped at district level. The maps indicate that typical farming districts such as Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Moneragala, Ratnapura and Anuradhapura are the most vulnerable to CC due to their heavy reliance on primary agriculture.
Mapping / Crops / Water resource management / Rain / Climate change
Record No:H043003
Report
Models / Water resources development / Environmental flows / Weirs / Lakes
Record No:H042875
Evaluation of current and future water resources development in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia
Lake Tana, located in the headwaters of the Blue Nile, is valuable for many people including the communities who live around the lakeshore and those who live immediately downstream. The area has been identified as a region for hydropower and irrigation development, vital for economic growth in Ethiopia. A multidisciplinary study was conducted to assess the possible impacts of this development. This study found that current development has benefited some local people but adversely affected others. Future development will exacerbate pressure on the lake. Hard choices must be made about how the water is best utilized. It is important that all stakeholders, including local people, are involved in the decision-making process.
Models / Water resources development / Environmental flows / Weirs / Lakes
Record No:H042875
Report
Soil degradation / Runoff / Precipitation / Risks / Disasters / Water scarcity / Dams / River basins / Climate change / Mapping / Hydrology / Indicators / Impact assessment / Drought
Record No:H042368
Mapping drought patterns and impacts: a global perspective
The study examines the global pattern and impacts of droughts through mapping several drought-related characteristics - either at a country level or at regular grid scales. It appears that arid and semi-arid areas also tend to have a higher probability of drought occurrence. It is illustrated that the African continent is lagging behind the rest of the world on many indicators related to drought-preparedness and that agricultural economies, overall, are much more vulnerable to adverse societal impacts of meteorological droughts. The study also examines the ability of various countries to satisfy their water needs during droughts using storage-related indices.
Soil degradation / Runoff / Precipitation / Risks / Disasters / Water scarcity / Dams / River basins / Climate change / Mapping / Hydrology / Indicators / Impact assessment / Drought
Record No:H042368
Report
Case studies / Villages / Reservoirs / Dams / Surveys / Epidemiology / Entomology / Disease control / Habitats / Disease vectors / Waterborne diseases / Malaria
Record No:H042338
Malaria transmission in the vicinity of impounded water: evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia
The construction of dams in Africa is often associated with adverse malaria impacts in surrounding communities. However, the degree and nature of these impacts are rarely quantified and the feasibility of manipulating reservoir water levels to control mosquito breeding has not been previously investigated in Africa. This report describes entomological and epidemiological studies conducted around the Koka Dam and Reservoir in Ethiopia. The research findings confirm the role of the reservoir in increasing malaria transmission and provide evidence that there is potential to use dam operation in integrated malaria control strategies.
Case studies / Villages / Reservoirs / Dams / Surveys / Epidemiology / Entomology / Disease control / Habitats / Disease vectors / Waterborne diseases / Malaria
Record No:H042338
Report
Participatory management / Development projects / Governance / Institutions / Organizational change / Institutional reform / Water policy / Water law / Legal aspects / Water resource management / River basin management
Record No:H042337
Implementing integrated river basin management: lessons from the Red River Basin, Vietnam
The report focuses on the establishment of the Red River Basin Organization (RRBO) in Vietnam, but expands its analysis to the wider transformations of the water sector that impinge on the formation and effectiveness of this organization. A few reflections on the policy process are drawn from this analysis, albeit in a tentative form given the relatively limited period of time considered here. The report shows that the promotion of IWRM icons such as RBOs by donors has been quite disconnected from the existing institutional framework. However, the establishment of RBOs might eventually strengthen a better separation of operation and regulation roles. Institutional change is shown to result from the interaction between endogenous processes and external pressures, in ways that are barely predictable.
Participatory management / Development projects / Governance / Institutions / Organizational change / Institutional reform / Water policy / Water law / Legal aspects / Water resource management / River basin management
Record No:H042337
Report
Economic aspects / Economic analysis / Cost benefit analysis / Statistical methods / Models / Sorghum / Rice / Vegetable crops / Crop yield / Farming systems / Soil management / Soil water relations / Clay soils / Water holding capacity / Sandy soils / Soil fertility / Research projects / Impact assessment / Soil improvement
Record No:H042267
Economic gains of improving soil fertility and water holding capacity with clay application: the impact of soil remediation research in northeast Thailand
Declining productivity of agricultural soils in Northeast Thailand is a challenge facing land managers and farmers. A program was initiated in 2002 to investigate the potential role of incorporating clay-based materials into degraded soils as a means of enhancing productivity. This research report attempts to provide an ex-post assessment of the field level impact and economic viability of this approach, using the empirically derived estimates of the average income impacts that the application of bentonite or clay technology has generated among farm communities in Northeast Thailand. From an exclusive IWMI perspective, the impact evaluation suggests that the program has a net present value (NPV) of US$0.41 million with a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.44 for the sample, and a NPV of US$21 million with a BCR of 75 for the region.
Economic aspects / Economic analysis / Cost benefit analysis / Statistical methods / Models / Sorghum / Rice / Vegetable crops / Crop yield / Farming systems / Soil management / Soil water relations / Clay soils / Water holding capacity / Sandy soils / Soil fertility / Research projects / Impact assessment / Soil improvement
Record No:H042267
Report
Supplemental irrigation / Groundwater / Irrigated farming / Rice / History / Case studies / Crop management / Reservoirs / Irrigation canals / Water scarcity / River basins / Water resource management / Irrigation programs
Record No:H042208
Adaptive water resource management in the South Indian Lower Bhavani Project Command Area
This report explores the theory and practice of Adaptive Water Management (AWM) based on a detailed field study in the Lower Bhavani Project (LBP) in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. A five-step framework is used to analyze the extent to which AWM is practiced and how it could be improved. The analysis shows that the LBP system has increasingly fulfilled the criteria of a complex adaptive system over the years. The main uncertainty factor, rainfall variability, has been considered in a stepwise way during the system change cycles and has been included in the LBP system design. The study shows that in spite of contending with an imperfect irrigation system design and intense competition for water resources, water resource managers and farmers are able to adapt and continue to reap benefits from a productive agricultural system.
Supplemental irrigation / Groundwater / Irrigated farming / Rice / History / Case studies / Crop management / Reservoirs / Irrigation canals / Water scarcity / River basins / Water resource management / Irrigation programs
Record No:H042208
Report
Irrigation schemes / Farmer-led irrigation / Crop management / Sensitivity analysis / Prices / Crops / Economic growth / National income / Irrigated farming
Record No:H042373
Importance of irrigated agriculture to the Ethiopian economy: capturing the direct net benefits of irrigation
Irrigation development has been identified as a means to stimulate economic growth and rural development in Ethiopia. However, little attempt has been made to quantify the contribution of irrigation to national income. Using data from selected irrigation schemes, representing small, medium and large-scale schemes of modern or traditional typologies; the present coverage and planned growth of irrigation, actual and expected contributions of irrigation to the national economy were quantified following the approach of adjusted gross margin analysis. Our results show that irrigation yields 219.7% higher income compared to the rainfed system while its current and future contribution to agricultural GDP is estimated to be about 5.7 and 12% although irrigation covers about 5 and 9% of the total cultivated land area, respectively.
Irrigation schemes / Farmer-led irrigation / Crop management / Sensitivity analysis / Prices / Crops / Economic growth / National income / Irrigated farming
Record No:H042373
Report
Gender / Farmers / Health hazards / Sanitation / Water supply / Developing countries / Urban agriculture / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H041686
Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: results from a global assessment
In 4 out of 5 cities in developing countries, wastewater is used to cultivate perishable crops for urban markets. Such practices create a health risk but provide important livelihood benefits. This study through an analysis of 53 cities in developing countries, contributes to understanding the factors that drive wastewater use. The main drivers are (1) increasing urban water demand without wastewater treatment causing pollution of irrigation water sources; (2) urban food demand favoring agriculture close to cities where water sources are polluted; and (3) lack of cheaper, similarly reliable or safer water sources. Poverty, which constrains the infrastructure needs of urbanization, is an added factor. The study makes policy recommendations stressing on, effectively applying the WHO guidelines, linking investments in water supply with sanitation for maximum beneficial impact on water pollution, and involving actors at both the national and local level, for water quality improvements and health risk reduction.
Gender / Farmers / Health hazards / Sanitation / Water supply / Developing countries / Urban agriculture / Wastewater irrigation
Record No:H041686
Report
Analysis / Drought / Water power / Operating policies / Dams / Models / Precipitation / Runoff / River basins / Hydrology / Climate change
Record No:H041713
Climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia
The report evaluates the impacts of climate change on the hydrological regime and water resources of the Blue Nile River Basin in Ethiopia. It starts from the construction of the climate change scenarios based on the outcomes of several general circulation models (GCMs), uses a simple hydrological model to convert theses scenarios into runoff, and examines the impacts by means of a set of indices. The results, however uncertain with existing accuracy of climate models, suggest that the region is likely to have the future potential to produce hydropower, increase flow duration, and increase water storage capacity without affecting outflows to the riparian countries in the 2050s.
Analysis / Drought / Water power / Operating policies / Dams / Models / Precipitation / Runoff / River basins / Hydrology / Climate change
Record No:H041713
Report
Rural development / Irrigation canals / Institutions / Irrigated farming / Salinity / Water quality / Groundwater / Water allocation / Mangroves / Ecosystems / Environmental degradation / Lakes / River basin development
Record No:H041463
The lower Krishna Basin trajectory: relationships between basin development and downstream environmental degradation
Basin water development and rural dynamics in the Krishna Basin have led to a degradation of downstream ecosystems manifesting itself by salinizing soil and groundwater, increasing pollution, disappearing mangroves and desiccating wetlands. Reversing this evolution requires the formal recognition of the environment as a water user in its own right and the implementation of an environmental water provision. This provision should be based on a two-tier allocation system with assured discharges in the irrigation canals of the delta and to the ocean. This will lead to further commitment of water resources but this is needed to reconcile the social, economic and environmental objectives of a sustainable development. Other measures facilitating integrated natural resources management from the local to the basin level are needed too.
Rural development / Irrigation canals / Institutions / Irrigated farming / Salinity / Water quality / Groundwater / Water allocation / Mangroves / Ecosystems / Environmental degradation / Lakes / River basin development
Record No:H041463
Report
Models / Food security / River basins / Impact assessment / Development policy / Development plans / Institutional development
Record No:H040802
Institutions, impact synergies and food security: a methodology with results from the Kala Oya Basin, Sri Lanka
The success of development programs depends on the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from closely related programs. Existing literature has limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which can quantify both the institutional roles in impact generation and the impact synergies from related programs. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka for evaluating the impacts of three development programs and 11 institutions on food security. The results provide valuable insights on the relative roles of institutions and the varying flow of impact synergies both within and across impact pathways.
Models / Food security / River basins / Impact assessment / Development policy / Development plans / Institutional development
Record No:H040802
Report
Food security / Groundwater irrigation / Crop yield / Crop production / Population growth / Water supply / Water demand
Record No:H040852
India’s water future to 2025-2050: business-as-usual scenario and deviations
With a rapidly expanding economy many changes are taking place in India today. The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, which assumes the continuation of current trends of key water demand drivers, will meet the future food demand. However, it leads to a severe regional water crisis by 2050, where many river basins will reach closure, will be physically water-scarce and will have regions with severely overexploited groundwater resources. While the alternative scenarios of water demand show both optimistic and pessimistic water futures, the scenario with additional productivity growth is the most optimistic, with significant scope for reducing future water demand.
Food security / Groundwater irrigation / Crop yield / Crop production / Population growth / Water supply / Water demand
Record No:H040852
Report
Irrigation requirements / Remote sensing / Precipitation / Evapotranspiration / Water balance / Water use / Models / Reforestation / Afforestation / Agroforestry / Populus deltoids / Trees
Record No:H041069
Trees and water: smallholder agroforestry on irrigated lands in Northern India
Trees are increasingly grown on-farm to supply wood and biomass needs within developing countries. Over the last several decades, within the irrigated rice-wheat growing lands of northern India, fast-growing poplar trees have been planted on tens of thousands of small farms. Recent debate regarding afforestation has raised the issue that water use is often increased when trees are planted. This ongoing debate focuses primarily on afforestation or reforestation of upland and rain-fed agricultural areas, and off-site impacts such as reduced streamflow. Adoption of poplar agroforestry in northern India, in contrast, is occurring in areas where land and water are already intensively used and managed for agricultural production. This study based on farmer survey data, used remote sensing and spatial hydrological modeling to investigate the importance and role of the poplar trees within the agricultural landscape, and to estimate their water use. Overall, results illustrate a potential for addressing the increasing global demand for wood products with trees grown on-farm within irrigated agroforestry systems.
Irrigation requirements / Remote sensing / Precipitation / Evapotranspiration / Water balance / Water use / Models / Reforestation / Afforestation / Agroforestry / Populus deltoids / Trees
Record No:H041069
Report
Drought / Water use / Water scarcity / Aquifers / Groundwater depletion / Water allocation / Water distribution / Water transfer / Irrigation programs / Protective irrigation / Ecosystems / River basins
Record No:H040963
Shifting waterscapes: explaining basin closure in the Lower Krishna Basin, South India
Progressive agricultural and water development in the Krishna Basin in South India has led to a rising over commitment of water resources and signs of basin closure are apparent during dry periods. As human consumptive uses are approaching the limits of water availability, this report focuses on the Lower Krishna Basin that bears the brunt of any intervention upstream. Capturing the process of basin closure requires an understanding of the political dimension of access to water and the scope for change. As basin closure intensifies the interconnectedness of ecosystems and water users, adjustments and management decisions result in spatial re-appropriation of water and basin-wide strategies for water management and development that start with the definition and the implementation of water allocation mechanisms are increasingly needed.
Drought / Water use / Water scarcity / Aquifers / Groundwater depletion / Water allocation / Water distribution / Water transfer / Irrigation programs / Protective irrigation / Ecosystems / River basins
Record No:H040963
Report
Case studies / Irrigation requirements / Water resources development / Reservoirs / Dams / Environmental effects / Water transfer / River basins
Record No:H040733
Hydrological and environmental issues of interbasin water transfers in India: a case of the Krishna River Basin
This study attempts to examine those unique aspects of interbasin water transfer planning, which are of critical importance to the sustainable water resources development in India. It focuses on the crucial aspect of accurate quantification of surface water availability, which determines the entire feasibility of a water transfer. It also illustrates the impacts of upstream water resources development on the deltasapos; environment thus justifying the deltasapos; environmental flow requirements. The report targets government departments, research institutions and NGOs - primarily in India and other countries of the region - which are engaged or interested in issues of interbasin water transfer and environmental water management. The research intends to: contribute to the effectiveness of water resources planning and management in India; emphasize the need for urgent improvement of access to hydrometeorological data in the country; and aim to stimulate further debate on water transfers.
Case studies / Irrigation requirements / Water resources development / Reservoirs / Dams / Environmental effects / Water transfer / River basins
Record No:H040733
Report
Livestock / Grain / Crop production / Irrigated farming / Water use / Water demand / Cereals / Food consumption
Record No:H040401
Changing consumption patterns: implications on food and water demand in India
Increasing income and urbanization are triggering a rapid change in food consumption patterns in India. This report assesses Indiaapos;s changing food consumption patterns and their implications on future food and water demand. According to the projections made in this study, the total calorie supply would continue to increase, but the dominance of food grains in the consumption basket is likely to decrease by 2050, and the consumption of non-grain crops and animal products would increase to provide a major part of the daily calorie supply. Although the total food grain demand will decrease, the total grain demand is likely to increase with the increasing feed demand for the livestock. The implications of the changing consumption patterns are assessed through consumptive water use (CWU) under the assumptions of full or partial food self-sufficiency.
Livestock / Grain / Crop production / Irrigated farming / Water use / Water demand / Cereals / Food consumption
Record No:H040401
Report
Ecology / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Water use / Calibration / Simulation models / Water allocation / Water demand / Water resources development / Catchment areas / River basins
Record No:H040648
Evaluation of historic, current and future water demand in the Olifants River Catchment, South Africa
Water resource development has played a significant role in the expansion of agriculture and industry in the Olifants River Catchment. However, currently water deficit is one of the major constraints hampering development in the catchment; both the mining and agricultural sectors are producing below optimal levels because of their reliance on insufficient supplies. In this study, the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used to evaluate scenarios of historic, current and future water demand in the catchment. For each scenario, the WEAP model was used to simulate demand in five different sectors (rural, urban, mining, commercial forestry and irrigation) over a 70-year period of varying rainfall and hydrology. Levels of assured supply were estimated for each sector and the economic cost of failing to provide water was predicted. For the future scenarios, the impact of infrastructure development and water conservation measures were assessed. The study illustrates how a relatively simple model can provide useful insight for resource planning and management.
Ecology / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Water use / Calibration / Simulation models / Water allocation / Water demand / Water resources development / Catchment areas / River basins
Record No:H040648
Report
Gender / Farmer-led irrigation / Farm income / Poverty / Water lifting / Irrigation systems / Manual pumps
Record No:H040628
Treadle pump irrigation and poverty in Ghana
Treadle pump (TP) technology has been promoted by Enterprise Works Worldwide (EWW) as an alternative to the traditional rope and bucket irrigation that is necessary to overcome the challenge of uncertain and inadequate rainfall for agricultural production. The aim is to improve output, increase incomes and reduce poverty among farm households. This study examines the strategies used for dissemination of the TP and the dynamics of its adoption and impacts, with a special focus on poverty reduction. The results of the study reveal that time and labor savings for irrigation, increased size of irrigated areas and lack of fuel requirements are the attractive features of the TP for those who adopt it. Adoption of TP increases land and labor productivities; and also net farm incomes. The study also demonstrates that adoption of the TP reduces poverty.
Gender / Farmer-led irrigation / Farm income / Poverty / Water lifting / Irrigation systems / Manual pumps
Record No:H040628
Report
Decision support tools / Water user associations / User charges / Water rates / Economic aspects / Water law / Water rights / Wetlands / Water allocation / Water use / Irrigation efficiency / Irrigation management / Irrigation programs / Water stress / River basin management
Record No:H040549
Agricultural water management in a water stressed catchment: lessons from the RIPARWIN Project
In the face of growing water stress and increasing concerns over the sustainability of water use, Tanzania has, in common with many other countries in Africa, focused largely on the development of more integrated catchment-wide approaches to water management. In the Great Ruaha River Basin, considerable effort has gone into increasing water productivity and the promotion of mechanisms for more efficient allocation of water resources. Over a period of five years, the RIPARWIN project investigated water management in the basin and evaluated the effectiveness of some of the mechanisms that have been introduced. The study findings are relevant to basins in developing countries where there is competition for water and irrigation is one of the main uses.
Decision support tools / Water user associations / User charges / Water rates / Economic aspects / Water law / Water rights / Wetlands / Water allocation / Water use / Irrigation efficiency / Irrigation management / Irrigation programs / Water stress / River basin management
Record No:H040549
Report
Food production / Urban agriculture / Nutrients / Water quality / Food consumption
Record No:H040456
Rural-urban food, nutrient and virtual water flows in selected West African cities
Impacts of increasing population pressure on food demand and land and water resources have sparked interest in nutrient and water balances and flows at a range of scales. In IWMI Research Report 115, it was tried for the first time to quantify rural-urban food flows for selected cities in Ghana and Burkina Faso to analyse their dependency on food supplied from rural vs. peri-urban vs. urban farming. Both, the urban nutrient and water footprints are closely interlinked. Currently, 80-95 percent of the domestic water used and the nutrients consumed go to waste without treatment or resource recovery. The economic dimensions are significant. Options to reduce the environmental burden by closing the rural-urban water and nutrient cycles are discussed.
Food production / Urban agriculture / Nutrients / Water quality / Food consumption
Record No:H040456
Report
Ecosystems / Fish / Biota / Habitats / Environmental management / Environmental flows / Indicators / Ecology / River basins
Record No:H040333
Developing procedures for assessment of ecological status of Indian River basins in the context of environmental water requirements
This report attempts to introduce a prototype scoring system for the ecological status of rivers in India and illustrate it through the applications in several major river basins. This system forms part of the desktop environmental flow assessment and is based on a number of indicators reflecting ecological condition and sensitivity of a river. The unique aspect of this study is that it interprets, for the first time, the existing ecological information for Indian rivers in the context of environmental flow assessment. The report targets government departments, research institutions and NGOs which are engaged in environmental flow management and associated policy development, and suggests some subsequent steps in environmental flow work in India.
Ecosystems / Fish / Biota / Habitats / Environmental management / Environmental flows / Indicators / Ecology / River basins
Record No:H040333
Report
Irrigation programs / Rural areas / Households / Indicators / Water use / Water stress / River basin management
Record No:H040313
Applying the Gini Coefficient to measure inequality of water use in the Olifants River water management area, South Africa
The present study explores the application of the Gini Coefficient, which has hitherto only been used for income and land distribution, to quantify the distribution of water resources. The tool is tested in the water-stressed Olifants Water Management Area, in South Africa. Using readily available information on water use registrations, water use estimates, and census data, two versions of the Gini Coefficient are calculated. The first measures the distribution of the allocation of direct water use in rural areas and was estimated at 0.96 in the study area. In other words, 99.5 percent of the rural households are entitled to useonly 5 percent of the available water. The second version calculates the distribution of the indirect benefits of water use in the form of direct employment. This is shown to have a Gini Coefficient of 0.64. Using the Gini Coefficient an assessment was also made of the impacts of different policy scenarios. It was found that by more than doubling the amount of water used by rural households from the current 225 cubic meters per household per annum (m3/hh/annum) to 610 m3/hh/annum, which would enable each household to meet its basic human needs of 50 litres/person/day and irrigate 1,000 square meters (m2), would reduce the Gini Coefficient significantly. Yet, this would only require the large-scale registered users to reduce their current irrigation water use entitlement by 6 percent or the largest ten users to reduce their use by 20 percent each.
Irrigation programs / Rural areas / Households / Indicators / Water use / Water stress / River basin management
Record No:H040313
Report
Villages / Shifting cultivation / Land management / Decision making / Farmers / Reforestation / Public policy / Land use
Record No:H040277
The impact of government policies on land use in northern Vietnam: an institutional approach for understanding farmer decisions
This report identifies the driving forces for reforestation in three villages of Northern Vietnam. Using an institutional analysis focused on the rules governing upland access and use, the authors assess the relative impact of state policies (reforestation programs and forestland allocation) on land use change. Findings show that the latter are indirectly responsible for reforestation, but not because of the incentives they provided. Instead, they disrupted the local rules governing annual crop cultivation and grazing activities leading to the end of annual cropping. Tree plantation was chosen by farmers as a last resort option. Lessons learned highlight the importance of local level studies and collective rules for land management.
Villages / Shifting cultivation / Land management / Decision making / Farmers / Reforestation / Public policy / Land use
Record No:H040277
Report
Water quality / Environmental effects / Water transfer / Water allocation / Irrigation programs / Evapotranspiration / Rainfall runoff relationships / Hydrology / Stream flow / Climate / Physical geography / River basins
Record No:H040373
Closing of the Krishna Basin: irrigation, streamflow depletion and macroscale hydrology
Discharge from the Krishna River into the ocean decreased by 75 percent from 1960-2005, and was zero during a recent multi-year drought. This paper describes the physical geography and hydrology of the Krishna Basin, including runoff production and a basic water account based on hydronomic zones. More than 50 percent of the basinapos;s irrigated area is groundwater irrigation, which is not currently included in inter-state allocation rules. Future water allocation will require inclusion of the interactions among all irrigated areas, including those irrigated by groundwater and surface water.
Water quality / Environmental effects / Water transfer / Water allocation / Irrigation programs / Evapotranspiration / Rainfall runoff relationships / Hydrology / Stream flow / Climate / Physical geography / River basins
Record No:H040373
Report
Case studies / Water allocation / River basin management / Water resource management
Record No:H040223
From integrated to expedient: an adaptive framework for river basin management in developing countries
The authors reflect on the theory and process of creating effective strategies for adaptive river basin management. We formulate our framework from observations of responses to environmental and hydrological change in the Great Ruaha River in Tanzania. We find that problems occur in the pursuit of apos;integrated water resources managementapos; (IWRM) that can be attended to by applying a focused expedient approach in three states of the water availability regime: apos;critical waterapos;, apos;medial waterapos; and apos;bulk waterapos;. In particular, less reliance on broad generic apos;principlesapos; and greater reference to solutions being drawn up by local resource users in relation to identified conflicts helps guide adaptive problem solving.
Case studies / Water allocation / River basin management / Water resource management
Record No:H040223
Report
Farmer participation / Participatory management / Investment policy / Costs / Irrigation programs
Record No:H036214
Costs and performance of irrigation projects: a comparison of Sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions
High irrigation investment costs together with declining world prices for food and the failures of a number of high profile past irrigation projects are the main reasons for the reluctance of development agencies and governments in sub-Saharan Africa to invest more resources in irrigation. This study aims to systematically establish whether costs of irrigation projects in sub-Saharan Africa are truly high, determine the factors which influence costs and performance of irrigation projects, and recommend cost-reducing and performance-enhancing options to make irrigation investments in the region more attractive. It analyzes 314 irrigation projects implemented from 1967 to 2003 in 50 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America funded by the World Bank, African Development Bank and the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
Farmer participation / Participatory management / Investment policy / Costs / Irrigation programs
Record No:H036214
Report
Zero tillage / Groundwater irrigation / Canals / Water scarcity / Wheat / Rice / Water conservation
Record No:H039765
Water saving technologies: myths and realities revealed in Pakistan’s rice-wheat systems
This study uses both farmer surveys and physical measurements to understand the impact RCTs have had on water use and water savings in the irrigated Rice-Wheat Zone of Pakistanapos;s Punjab province. The findings show that field scale water savings achieved from RCTs is not necessarily equivalent to water savings at broader scales and may even result in an increase in overall water depletion.
Zero tillage / Groundwater irrigation / Canals / Water scarcity / Wheat / Rice / Water conservation
Record No:H039765
Report
Time series / Water requirements / Water allocation / Ecosystems / Ecology / Hydrology / Assessment / Environmental flows / River basins
Record No:H039610
An assessment of environmental flow requirements of Indian river basins
The primary purpose of this report is to stimulate the debate about environmental water allocations in India, where this concept is only beginning to receive attention and recognition. It is a component of a larger research project which aims to assess multiple aspects of Indiaapos;s National River Linking Project and water future in general.
Time series / Water requirements / Water allocation / Ecosystems / Ecology / Hydrology / Assessment / Environmental flows / River basins
Record No:H039610
Report
Gender / Farmers associations / Water user associations / Privatization / Participatory management / Irrigation management
Record No:H039645
Assessing the outcomes of IWMI’s research and interventions on irrigation management transfer
The purpose of this paper is to summarize IIMI/IWMIapos;s past research and interventions related to irrigation management transfer and to document, to the extent possible, the academic, policy, and technical outcomes of these efforts. The application of a range of direct and indirect measurement techniques suggests an overall positive contribution from IWMI to IMT theory and application.
Gender / Farmers associations / Water user associations / Privatization / Participatory management / Irrigation management
Record No:H039645
Report
Estimation / Irrigated sites / GIS / Mapping / Remote sensing
Record No:H039270
An irrigated area map of the world (1999) derived from remote sensing
This document summarizes the materials and methods used to create a series of maps of irrigated areas of the world using remote sensing approaches. These maps are complementary to existing statistics (FAO-Aquastat) and the GISderived maps (FAO/University of Frankfurt Global irrigated area map). The document also provides details of how the estimates of global irrigated areas in one main season (net) and more than one season (intensity or annualized) were derived.
Estimation / Irrigated sites / GIS / Mapping / Remote sensing
Record No:H039270
Report
Time series analysis / Land cover / Irrigated sites / Water budget / Simulation models / Hydrology / Remote sensing / Environmental effects / Ecology / Rivers / Wetlands
Record No:H039649
Use of a hydrological model for environmental management of the Usangu Wetlands, Tanzania
This report presents the findings of a study to assess changes to flows into, and downstream of, the Usangu Wetlands, located in the headwaters of the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania. Hydrological data, in conjunction with remote sensing techniques, were used to provide insights into changes that have occurred to the Eastern Wetland. Results indicate that, between 1958 and 2004, inflows to the wetland declined by about 70 percent in the dry season months (July to November) as a consequence of increased human withdrawals, primarily for irrigation.
Time series analysis / Land cover / Irrigated sites / Water budget / Simulation models / Hydrology / Remote sensing / Environmental effects / Ecology / Rivers / Wetlands
Record No:H039649
Report
Land use / GIS / Mapping / Risks / Public health / Insecticides / Pest control / Irrigated farming / Waterborne diseases / Disease vectors / Malaria
Record No:H039613
Malaria mosquito resistance to agricultural insecticides: risk area mapping in Thailand
The purpose of this study was to identify risk areas in Thailand where insecticide resistance in malaria mosquitoes might develop as a consequence of crop protection activities in agriculture. The study provides guidelines on how to delineate risk areas. A review of insecticide resistance in disease vectors and the potential role of agricultural insecticides is presented.
Land use / GIS / Mapping / Risks / Public health / Insecticides / Pest control / Irrigated farming / Waterborne diseases / Disease vectors / Malaria
Record No:H039613
Report
Farm income / Water pollution / Health hazards / Farming systems / Farm size / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Irrigated farming
Record No:H039249
Informal irrigation in urban West Africa: an overview
This report tries to provide a state-of-the-art overview on irrigated urban agriculture in the W est African subregion based on a com prehensive literature review supported by the results of three IWMI FAO projects.
Farm income / Water pollution / Health hazards / Farming systems / Farm size / Suburban agriculture / Urban agriculture / Irrigated farming
Record No:H039249
Report
Ecosystems / Water use / Precipitation / Evapotranspiration / Models / Water balance / Reforestation / Afforestation / Land use / Forests / Water supply / Climate change
Record No:H039281
Carbon, land and water: a global analysis of the hydrologic dimensions of climate change mitigation through afforestation / reforestation
This report highlights the potentially significant impacts on the hydrologic cycle and the importance of considering secondary effects, particularly with regard to water, resulting from the widespread adoption of global climate change mitigation measures. It is recommended that the implicit hydrologic dimensions of climate change mitigation should be more formally articulated within the international environmental conventions, and recognized within future UNFCCC negotiations on the CDM-AR provisions.
Ecosystems / Water use / Precipitation / Evapotranspiration / Models / Water balance / Reforestation / Afforestation / Land use / Forests / Water supply / Climate change
Record No:H039281
Report
Water user associations / Performance evaluation / Irrigation canals / Watercourses / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Water distribution
Record No:H039215
The reliability improvement in irrigation services: application of rotational water distribution to tertiary canals in Central Asia
This report addresses a specific context of massive inequity and unevenness in water allocation and distribution experienced presently by the water users in transitional Central Asian economies, as a result of broad-scale fragmentation of the previously large farms. The report describes action research aimed at making water distribution at the tertiary level more reliable, transparent and equitable.
Water user associations / Performance evaluation / Irrigation canals / Watercourses / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Water distribution
Record No:H039215
Report
Snails / Velocity / Canals / Irrigation management / Irrigation programs / Design / Water storage / Surface irrigation / Public health / Ecology / Environmental control / Waterborne diseases / Schistosomiasis
Record No:H039268
Irrigation and schistosomiasis in Africa: ecological aspects
This research report discusses ecological aspects of schistosomiasis transmission and options for its control in irrigated areas in Africa through environmental measures. Human schistosomiasis is endemic in 46 African countries.After being infected by larvae emerging from human excreta and urine deposited in the water, freshwater snails act as intermediate hosts.
Snails / Velocity / Canals / Irrigation management / Irrigation programs / Design / Water storage / Surface irrigation / Public health / Ecology / Environmental control / Waterborne diseases / Schistosomiasis
Record No:H039268
Report
Legislation / Social participation / Participatory management / Environmental sustainability / Water quality / Cost recovery / Gender / Drinking water / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Models / Poverty / Water supply
Record No:H038377
Multiple-use water services to advance the millennium development goals
This research report presents the findings of the first phase of the action-research project quot;Models for implementing multiple-use water supply systems for enhanced land and water productivity, rural livelihoods and gender equity.quot; Multipleuse water services, or quot;musquot; in short, is a participatory, integrated and poverty-reduction focused approach in poor rural and peri-urban areas, which takes peopleapos;s multiple water needs as a starting point for providing integrated services, moving beyond the conventional sectoral barriers of the domestic and productive sectors.
Legislation / Social participation / Participatory management / Environmental sustainability / Water quality / Cost recovery / Gender / Drinking water / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Models / Poverty / Water supply
Record No:H038377
Report
Sodic soils / Drainage / Irrigation practices / Water quality / Irrigation management / River basins / Water table / Salinity control
Record No:H039136
Strategies to mitigate secondary salinization in the Indus Basin of Pakistan: a selective review
ThisThis report discusses the nature and causes of secondary salinization, reviews strategies developed and tested within IBIS to mitigate salinization, and identifies areas requiring further investigation.
Sodic soils / Drainage / Irrigation practices / Water quality / Irrigation management / River basins / Water table / Salinity control
Record No:H039136
Report
Mapping / Poverty
Record No:H037905
Locating the poor: spatially disaggregated poverty maps for Sri Lanka
This report presents the results of subnational poverty estimation using aggregate poverty statistics and how they can help policy interventions. In particular, they estimate the poverty map across the DS division level in Sri Lanka. The poverty map depicts the proportion of households below the poverty line, which is based on household expenditure for food for obtaining the minimum calorie requirement.
Mapping / Poverty
Record No:H037905
Report
Governance / River basins / Irrigation management / Participatory management / Water law / Water policy / Water resource management
Record No:H037466
Irrigation and water policies in the Mekong region: current discourses and practices
This report documents current irrigation and water policies in the Mekong countries. It successively reviews planning issues, water policies and legal frameworks, the setting up of water policy quot;apex bodies,quot; participatory policies, and IWRM/river basin management.
Governance / River basins / Irrigation management / Participatory management / Water law / Water policy / Water resource management
Record No:H037466
Report
Case studies / Cropping systems / Irrigation scheduling / Canals / Economic analysis / Hydroelectric schemes / Dams / Reservoirs
Record No:H037591
Balancing irrigation and hydropower: case study from southern Sri Lanka
This report analyzes a case from southern Sri Lanka, where the Samanalawewa dam and the Kaltota Irrigation Scheme (KIS) compete for the water of the Walawe river. At the catchment level, it is shown that dam releases are well attuned to the needs of KIS and to the occurrences of natural runoff, and that little of the dam water is quot;lostquot; to the river.
Case studies / Cropping systems / Irrigation scheduling / Canals / Economic analysis / Hydroelectric schemes / Dams / Reservoirs
Record No:H037591
Report
Economic aspects / Food security / Cropping systems / Rural women / Poverty / Models / Microirrigation / Irrigation systems
Record No:H037307
Adoption and impacts of microirrigation technologies: empirical results from selected localities of Maharashtra and Gujarat states of India
This report analyzes the economics of alternative microirrigation technologies ranging from low-cost drip and sprinkler systems to the capital-intensive systems, the determinants of adoption of microirrigation technology, the poverty outreach of the different microirrigation systems, and the sustainability implications of microirrigation adoption.
Economic aspects / Food security / Cropping systems / Rural women / Poverty / Models / Microirrigation / Irrigation systems
Record No:H037307
Report
Case studies / Irrigated farming / Dams / Forest management / Women / Households / Labor / Farm income / Poverty / Participatory management / Watershed management
Record No:H037220
How pro-poor are participatory watershed management projects?: an Indian case study
This report draws on a survey and case study evidence from 28 watershed management groups in Haryana to argue that participatory watershed management projects need not necessarily safeguard the interests of poorer rural households.
Case studies / Irrigated farming / Dams / Forest management / Women / Households / Labor / Farm income / Poverty / Participatory management / Watershed management
Record No:H037220
Report
Population growth / Households / Political ecology / Environmental policy / Farming systems / Soil erosion / Land degradation
Record No:H037202
When “conservation” leads to land degradation: lessons from Ban Lak Sip, Laos
In this report, we test the hypothesis that the primary factors behind the farming system changes in Ban Lak Sip lay not in the village itself but rather in the broader Laotian social, economic and political setting. The study uses an integrated approach that examines both the physical and social dimensions of land use and soil erosion in Ban Lak Sip within this broader system environment.
Population growth / Households / Political ecology / Environmental policy / Farming systems / Soil erosion / Land degradation
Record No:H037202
Report
Case studies / Social aspects / Natural resources / Ecology / Wetlands
Record No:H037151
Working wetlands: classifying wetland potential for agriculture
This paper reports on a form of multi-criteria analysis that provides a formal approach for evaluating the suitability of a wetland for specific agricultural uses, and ensures that explicit consideration is given to the possible consequences of such utilization. The method is based on a hybrid of ideas taken from concepts and methodologies related to: environmental flow assessments, land suitability classification and the hazard evaluation procedures used in the design of dams. The approach, which elaborates the idea of working wetlands, is generic, though the examples presented are for case studies from southern Africa.
Case studies / Social aspects / Natural resources / Ecology / Wetlands
Record No:H037151
Report
Environmental effects / Flow / Rivers / Simulation models / Hydrology / Planning / Water allocation
Record No:H036382
Planning for environmental water allocations: an example of hydrology-based assessment in the east Rapti River, Nepal
Although the protection of the aquatic environment is high on the world water resources agenda, most developing countries still lack the technical and institutional capacity to establish environmental water allocation practices and policies. The existing methods of assessment of environmental water allocations are either complex and resource-intensive or not tailor-made for the specific conditions of a particular country or region. To promote emerging concepts of environmental flow assessment and management, it is important to change the dominant perception that environmental demand is the least important and create awareness among responsible authorities about existing methodologies and processes that should be followed. This report presents some of these approaches and illustrates their applicability in the specific context of the East Rapti River basin, which features one of the main tourist attractions of Nepal, the Chitwan National Park.
Environmental effects / Flow / Rivers / Simulation models / Hydrology / Planning / Water allocation
Record No:H036382
Report
Investment / Crop yield / Soil fertility / Drainage / Water quality / Irrigated farming
Record No:H036941
“Bright spots” in Uzbekistan, reversing land and water degradation while improving livelihoods: key developments and sustaining ingredients for transition economies of the former Soviet Union
Following the dissolution of the former Soviet Union and the collapse of existing trade arrangements, the newly independent states of Central Asia were left with the task of developing their own independent market economies. The region has undergone tremendous economic and social changes including significant agricultural reform mainly targeted at privatizing large collective farms that were established during the Soviet era. These reforms include the establishment of smaller private and cooperative farms in order to improve the efficiency and equity of existing production systems. Within Uzbekistan, this move to privatize farms has, in the majority of cases, led to declining productivity and net incomes. However, there have been instances where privatized farms and smaller collectives have been able to capitalize on these changes and perform at levels exceeding the norm. This Report identifies the key attributes of these successful farms that have been termed apos;apos;brightapos;apos; spots.
Investment / Crop yield / Soil fertility / Drainage / Water quality / Irrigated farming
Record No:H036941
Report
Water demand / Water requirements / Cost recovery / Cost benefit analysis / Decision making / Fisheries / Reservoirs / Water use / Domestic water / Crop production / Costs / Rehabilitation / River basins / History / Irrigation programs / Water resources development
Record No:H036418
Economics and politics of water resources development: Uda Walawe Irrigation Project, Sri Lanka
The Uda Walawe Irrigation and Resettlement Project (UWIRP) located in the Southern dry zone of Sri Lanka was initiated in the early 1950s. The original plan for the UWIRP was a highly ambitious social, economic and physical engineering project aimed at creating a modern, profitable agriculture sector. This report examines the history of water resources development and investment decisions for the UWIRP over a period of 50 years and uncovers underlying processes that shaped the evolution of the project and highlights the limitation of viewing development as a mere set of technical and social engineering endeavors.
Water demand / Water requirements / Cost recovery / Cost benefit analysis / Decision making / Fisheries / Reservoirs / Water use / Domestic water / Crop production / Costs / Rehabilitation / River basins / History / Irrigation programs / Water resources development
Record No:H036418
Report
Case studies / Water requirements / Water quality / Salinity / Crop production / Soil moisture / Calibration / Simulation models / Soil-water-plant relationships / Conjunctive use / Groundwater / Surface water
Record No:H036138
Strategies for the management of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources in semi-arid areas: a case study from Pakistan
Due to inadequate rainfall, groundwater has acquired a vital role in the development of Pakistanapos;s agricultural economy. However, a lack of awareness concerning the use of groundwater, either by itself or combined with canal water, has added large amounts of salt to the soil. As a result, large tracts of irrigated lands are already salinized, while many others are under threat. This report presents the results of a modeling study carried out to evaluate the long-term effects of a different quality of irrigation water on root zone salinity. The simulations were performed for the Rechna Doab (sub basin of the Indus Basin) in Pakistan, by using 15 years of actual rainfall and climatic data.
Case studies / Water requirements / Water quality / Salinity / Crop production / Soil moisture / Calibration / Simulation models / Soil-water-plant relationships / Conjunctive use / Groundwater / Surface water
Record No:H036138
Report
Remote sensing / Assessment / Indicators / Monitoring / Drought
Record No:H035615
The use of remote sensing data for drought assessment and monitoring in southwest Asia
This report describes the development of the near real-time drought monitoring and reporting system for the region, which currently includes Afghanistan, Pakistan and western parts of India. The system is based on drought-related indices derived from high-resolution remote-sensing data (MODIS). The unique feature of the study is the development of regression relationships between drought-related indices obtained from MODIS and AVHRR data, which have different pixel-resolution and optical characteristics. The goal is to make the system available, via Internet, to all stakeholders in the region.
Remote sensing / Assessment / Indicators / Monitoring / Drought
Record No:H035615
Report
Case studies / Decision making / Farmer participation / Water allocation / Legal aspects / Legislation / Catchment areas / Irrigation management / Water resource management / Water user associations / Farmers’ associations
Record No:H035945
An assessment of small-scale users’ inclusion in large-scale water user associations of South Africa
The management of water resources is being transformed in South Africa. All water users, especially the small-scale ones, are now invited to participate in this movement. This report reviews the process of inclusion of small-scale users in the new large-scale Water User Associations (WUA).Considering the difficulties encountered in this process, this report also recommend external monitoring after the transformation of an Irrigation Board into a WUA. This method may also facilitate assessment of the inclusion of small-scale users into catchment management agencies, and water resource management organizations.
Case studies / Decision making / Farmer participation / Water allocation / Legal aspects / Legislation / Catchment areas / Irrigation management / Water resource management / Water user associations / Farmers’ associations
Record No:H035945
Report
Water transfer / Policy / Crop production / Groundwater extraction / Urbanization / Population growth / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Estimation / Water scarcity / Water availability / Catchment areas / River basins / Water demand / Water supply
Record No:H036620
Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India
India is a large country with regional differences in per-capita water supply and demand. Attempts to describe the water situation in India at a national level are often misleading due to the tremendous diversity in the water situation across the country. This Report analyzes the spatial variation of water supply and demand across river basins in India. The study identifies basins that are water-scarce because of inadequate water availability to meet the effective demand. It also identifies issues that are important for estimating the future water demand and for the formation of policy for future water-resources development and management.
Water transfer / Policy / Crop production / Groundwater extraction / Urbanization / Population growth / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Estimation / Water scarcity / Water availability / Catchment areas / River basins / Water demand / Water supply
Record No:H036620
Report
Cassava / Maize / Farming systems / Developing countries / Productivity / Measurement / Soil properties / Water quality / Wastewater / Irrigation water / Water use / Soil fertility
Record No:H035856
Valuing nutrients in soil and water: concepts and techniques with examples from IWMI studies in the developing world
Despite the importance of nutrient-water interactions, they are often ignored in analysis. After discussing the interrelationships between soil nutrients and water and reviewing methods for determining nutrient balances, this report describes an array of available methods for soil nutrient valuation and provides a discussion of four nutrient valuation studies, which together cover a range of scales, perspectives, and geographic contexts. It also includes case studies from Ghana, Mexico, sub-Saharan Africa, and an examination of possible approaches to valuing soil organic matter and its various functions—an often ignored area in literature
Cassava / Maize / Farming systems / Developing countries / Productivity / Measurement / Soil properties / Water quality / Wastewater / Irrigation water / Water use / Soil fertility
Record No:H035856
Report
Rivers / Conflict / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation programs / Agrarian reform / Research methods / Water user associations / Participatory management / Irrigation management / Analysis / Water resource management
Record No:H035614
Inadequacies in the water reforms in the Kyrgyz Republic: an institutional analysis
This report analyzes the evolving water-management institutions and their performance of five core water management functions, in the context of the ongoing economic and agrarian reform in the Kyrgyz Republic. These core water-management functions are, operation of water systems, maintenance, resource mobilization, conflict resolution and organizational management. The report also identifies key issues and challenges that constrain effective stakeholder participation in water-resources management.
Rivers / Conflict / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation programs / Agrarian reform / Research methods / Water user associations / Participatory management / Irrigation management / Analysis / Water resource management
Record No:H035614
Report
Villages / Legal aspects / Canals / Dams / Wells / Drought / Irrigation management / Water rights / Water allocation
Record No:H035318
Robbing Yadullah’s water to irrigate Saeid’s garden: hydrology and water rights in a village of Central Iran
This report provides a case study from the province of Esfahan, in central Iran, describing the struggle of a village to secure the water resources without which local agriculture, and altogether life in the village, would be impossible. It illustrates the endless ingenuity of farmers in their quest for water, how land and water rights have developed, how various legal repertoires may conflict with one another, and how the intervention of the state transformed the wider hydrological cycle of the valley and affected the delicate equilibrium between population and resources that had prevailed until then. The report estimates the costs of accessing one cubic meter from each of these different sources and shows how political interventions or drought mitigation policies elicit solutions that are extremely costly.
Villages / Legal aspects / Canals / Dams / Wells / Drought / Irrigation management / Water rights / Water allocation
Record No:H035318
Report
Water user associations / Farmers’ associations / Water market / Groundwater / Conflict / Financing / Privatization / Public sector / Private sector / Price policy / Cost recovery / Water policy / Water rights / Water law / Institutions / Irrigation management / Water management
Record No:H035163
Strategic analysis of water institutions in India: application of a new research paradigm
The overall objective of this paper is to outline the analytical framework and theoretical approach underlying a new research paradigm and illustrate how this paradigm can be used for the strategic analysis of water institutions by applying it to the Indian context.
Water user associations / Farmers’ associations / Water market / Groundwater / Conflict / Financing / Privatization / Public sector / Private sector / Price policy / Cost recovery / Water policy / Water rights / Water law / Institutions / Irrigation management / Water management
Record No:H035163
Report
Productivity / Governance / Policy / Income / Irrigated farming / Economic aspects / Models
Record No:H035317
Irrigation Kuznets Curve, governance and dynamics of irrigation development: a global cross-country analysis from 1972 to 1991
Using a global analysis across 66 countries, this study empirically validates the presence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship for irrigation development. The resulting inverted U-shaped relationship between the level of irrigation and income implies that, water uses in irrigation and agriculture are considered more important in the early stage of development of a society. Once the economy grows, however, the relative importance of irrigation and water uses in agriculture declines, compared to water uses in other sectors.
Productivity / Governance / Policy / Income / Irrigated farming / Economic aspects / Models
Record No:H035317
Report
Irrigation effects / Estuaries / Lagoons / Ecosystems / Simulation / Hydrology
Record No:H034783
Simulating the hydrology of small coastal ecosystems in conditions of limited data
The impacts of water resources and irrigation development need to be quantified in order to understand the environmental costs of such development activities. Complex data-intensive simulation methods are normally used for this purpose in the developed world. However, lack of reliable data prohibits the use of such models in developing countries where it is more practical to apply models with less data requirements. The report illustrates three applications of simple and pragmatic simulation models to small coastal water bodies in Sri Lanka and South Africa.
Irrigation effects / Estuaries / Lagoons / Ecosystems / Simulation / Hydrology
Record No:H034783
Report
Water delivery / Villages / Irrigated farming / Development aid / Investment / Dams
Record No:H034855
Small dams and social capital in Yemen: how assistance strategies affect local investment and institutions
This report examines the development of eight small dam projects in the mountainous province of Al-Mahweet in north-central Yemen. The report also investigates how external assistance affects incentives for local people to invest in dam development and water delivery systems and also to create rules, property rights and institutional arrangements to manage the dam and water.
Water delivery / Villages / Irrigated farming / Development aid / Investment / Dams
Record No:H034855
Report
Costs / Farmer-led irrigation / User charges / Policy making / Tube wells / Pumps / Irrigation systems / Energy consumption / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H036593
Energy-irrigation nexus in South Asia: improving groundwater conservation and power sector viability
In the highly populated South Asian region, where pump irrigation has gained predominance over gravity-flow irrigation in recent decades, the fortunes of groundwater and energy economies are closely tied. Little can be done in the groundwater economy that will not affect the energy economy, and the struggle to make the energy economy viable is frustrated by the often violent opposition from the farming community to the rationalization of energy prices. As a result, the regionapos;s groundwater economy has boomed at the expense of the development of the energy economy. This report suggests that this does not have to be so; and the first step to evolving approaches to sustaining a prosperous groundwater economy with a viable power sector is for the decision makers in the two sectors to talk to each other, and jointly explore better options for energy-groundwater co-management which, the authors suggest, have so far been overlooked.
Costs / Farmer-led irrigation / User charges / Policy making / Tube wells / Pumps / Irrigation systems / Energy consumption / Groundwater irrigation
Record No:H036593
Report
Farmers / Poverty / Rain-fed farming / Irrigated farming / Paddy fields / Rice / Models
Record No:H034854
Prospects for adopting system of rice intensification in Sri Lanka: a socioeconomic assessment
Today, there is an increasing worldwide interest in assessing the potential for maintaining or increasing rice yields by reducing or eliminating the use of chemicals and by decreasing irrigation requirements. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) first developed in Madagascar and now being tested in many countries, is an example of such an approach. The system is based largely on organic farming principles and additional requirements for spacing and the transplanting of seedlings.
Farmers / Poverty / Rain-fed farming / Irrigated farming / Paddy fields / Rice / Models
Record No:H034854
Report
Irrigation requirements / Sensitivity analysis / Water balance / Water availability / Constraints / Irrigation management / Water use / Rice / Crop-based irrigation / Models
Record No:H034901
A diagnostic model framework for water use in rice-based irrigation systems
The paper presents a framework for water use in rice-based irrigation systems, which is based on linear programming (LP). This framework intends to facilitate improved understanding of a systemapos;s internal and external conditions and the constraints to productive use of the available land and water resources, and thereby create a reference for the assessment of the physical, economic and environmental performance of a given system. The framework is conceived as a tool that is used interactively in technical group sessions with farmers, system operators and extension workers, where structured discussions lead to improved data confidence, and understanding of complex irrigation systems.
Irrigation requirements / Sensitivity analysis / Water balance / Water availability / Constraints / Irrigation management / Water use / Rice / Crop-based irrigation / Models
Record No:H034901
Report
Environmental policy / Legal aspects / Land management / Water management
Record No:H033970
A method to identify and evaluate the legal and institutional framework for the management of water and land in Asia: the outcome of a study in Southeast Asia and the People’s Republic of China
By determining the capacity of relevant international, national and regional legislation to support sustainable use of water and land, planners, legislative drafters and policymakers have a basis for recommending legal and institutional reform. This report, based on an investigation into existing water- and land- management laws and issues in three countries in the region, offers a methodology that can be used for such evaluations.
Environmental policy / Legal aspects / Land management / Water management
Record No:H033970
Report
Pumping / Aquifers / Water use efficiency / Irrigation management / Reservoirs / Tanks / Farm ponds / Water conservation / Water allocation / Water scarcity / Water supply / Water demand / Water use / River basin development
Record No:H033886
Development trajectories of river basins: a conceptual framework
The development of societies is shaped to a large extent by their resources base, notably water resources. Access to and control of water depend primarily on the available technology and engineering feats, such as river-diversion structures, canals, dams and dikes. As growing human pressure on water resources brings actual water use closer to potential ceilings, supply-augmentation options get scarcer, and societies, therefore, usually respond by adopting conservation measures and by reallocating water towards more beneficial uses.
Pumping / Aquifers / Water use efficiency / Irrigation management / Reservoirs / Tanks / Farm ponds / Water conservation / Water allocation / Water scarcity / Water supply / Water demand / Water use / River basin development
Record No:H033886
Report
Irrigated framing / Rural economy / Vegetables / Water balance / Pumping / Water use efficiency / Water conservation / Sprinkler irrigation / Wheat / Cotton / Crop yield / Economic development / Hydrology / Water management / Wastewater / Crop production / Agricultural policy / Irrigation efficiency / Water shortage / Aquifers / Groundwater / Agricultural production
Record No:H033678
Policies drain the North China Plain: agricultural policy and groundwater depletion in Luancheng County, 1949-2000
The report examines the relationships between agricultural policies in the North China Plain, the approaches to water management that evolved from them, the quantity of water that was actually used, and the consequent groundwater depletion beneath Luancheng County, Hebei Province, from 1949 to 2000. To systematically address these relationships, we use a comprehensive water-balance approach. Our results indicate that a single, longstanding policy-that of using groundwater to meet the crop-water requirements not supplied by precipitation-is responsible for the steady rate of groundwater decline.
Irrigated framing / Rural economy / Vegetables / Water balance / Pumping / Water use efficiency / Water conservation / Sprinkler irrigation / Wheat / Cotton / Crop yield / Economic development / Hydrology / Water management / Wastewater / Crop production / Agricultural policy / Irrigation efficiency / Water shortage / Aquifers / Groundwater / Agricultural production
Record No:H033678
Report
Policy / Farmer-led irrigation / Farmers? attitudes / Equity / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Groundwater management / Privatization / Tube wells
Record No:H032952
Tubewell transfer in Gujarat: a study of the GWRDC approach
In India public (government) tubewells were built with the intention of providing irrigation to all categories of farmers in a fair, equitable and affordable manner. However, most public tubewell programs across India have failed on all these counts. Efforts to transfer their management to water users too have met with little success. Nonetheless, the Gujarat Water Resources Development Corporation (GWRDC)-a state-owned public company-has achieved rare success in tubewell transfer by handing over management of around 60 percent of public tubewells in the Gujarat state to user groups. This study tries to identify the factors that helped in accelerating the transfer process and evaluate the performance of transferred tubewells against those owned by individuals and GWRDC. It also suggests some policy changes that can make the scheme function better and explores the replicability of the success achieved in Gujarat.
Policy / Farmer-led irrigation / Farmers? attitudes / Equity / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Groundwater management / Privatization / Tube wells
Record No:H032952
Report
Public health / Mapping / Risks / Statistical analysis / GIS / Water use / Land use / Disease vectors / Waterborne diseases / Malaria
Record No:H032713
Malaria and land use: a spatial and temporal risk analysis in Southern Sri Lanka
The transmission of malaria in Sri Lanka is unstable; its incidence greatly fluctuates from year to year and exhibits important variations within a year. Identification of the underlying risk factors of malaria is important to target the limited resources for the most-effective control of the disease. This report presents the first results of a project on malaria risk mapping to investigate whether this tool could be utilized to forecast malaria epidemics. It documents the key malaria risk factors for the Uda Walawe region of Sri Lanka, where monthly malaria incidence data were available over a 10-year period. In the study, data on aggregate malaria-incidence rates, land-use and water-use patterns, socioeconomic features and malaria-control interventions were collected and analyzed in a geographical information system. Malaria cases were mapped at the smallest administrative level and relative risks for different variables were calculated employing multivariate analyses. The findings of the study call for malaria-control strategies that are readily adapted to different ecological and epidemiological settings.
Public health / Mapping / Risks / Statistical analysis / GIS / Water use / Land use / Disease vectors / Waterborne diseases / Malaria
Record No:H032713
Report
Water conservation / River basins / Crop yield / Water delivery / Water distribution / Irrigation requirements / Water demand / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Water allocation / Institutional development / Irrigation effects / Productivity / Water resource management
Record No:H032398
Water productivity in the Syr-Darya River Basin
This report analyses water productivity and water-saving initiatives in the Syr-Darya river basin in Central Asia and presents institutional and political aspects of water management in the basin.
Water conservation / River basins / Crop yield / Water delivery / Water distribution / Irrigation requirements / Water demand / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Water allocation / Institutional development / Irrigation effects / Productivity / Water resource management
Record No:H032398
Report
Investment / Farmer-led irrigation / Estimation / Rice / Irrigation programs / Irrigation systems / Investment / Arid zones / Pumps / Construction technology / Wells
Record No:H032520
Agro-well and pump diffusion in the dry zone of Sri Lanka: past trends, present status and future prospects
The use of shallow wells, equipped with small pumps, to lift groundwater has spread rapidly in many agricultural regions of tropical monsoonal Asia. In Sri Lanka, the rapid and pervasive invasion of agro-wells and pumps drew the attention of policymakers and researchers, but many questions were left unanswered due to lack of research in the area. This study aims to fill this gap in knowledge, based on observations and data obtained in field surveys conducted in major and minor irrigation schemes in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. This report gives the key findings of this study into the pattern, extent and causes of the spread and use of agro-wells and pumps in traditional villages and irrigated settlement schemes. It investigates farmer investments in agro-wells and pumps, the private internal rate of return to these investments, the economic viability of investments and incentives for farmers to make investments
Investment / Farmer-led irrigation / Estimation / Rice / Irrigation programs / Irrigation systems / Investment / Arid zones / Pumps / Construction technology / Wells
Record No:H032520
Report
Policy / Water allocation / Water distribution / Watercourses / Irrigation canals / Climate / Productivity / Crop yield / Wheat
Record No:H031469
Land and water productivity of wheat in the western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and Pakistan: a comparative analysis
The purpose of this study is to analyze variations in wheat yields and to assess the range of factors affecting wheat yields and profitability of wheat production in the selected irrigation systems in India and Pakistan. The study attempts to identify constraints and opportunities for closing the existing yield gaps. It is hypothesized that substantial gains in aggregate yields can be obtained by improved water management practices at the farm and irrigation-system levels.
Policy / Water allocation / Water distribution / Watercourses / Irrigation canals / Climate / Productivity / Crop yield / Wheat
Record No:H031469
Report
Conjunctive use / Environmental effects / Soil properties / Irrigation practices / Groundwater / Water quality / Wastewater / Water reuse
Record No:H030848
Use of untreated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture in Pakistan: risks and opportunities
The practice of using untreated wastewater for irrigation is widespread but has been largely ignored because the norm has always been that wastewater should be treated before use. Increasing water scarcity, lack of money for treatment and a clear willingness by farmers to use untreated wastewater have led to an uncontrolled expansion of wastewater use. It is therefore important to better document the practice of irrigation with untreated wastewater in order to find out how it can be improved within the financial possibilities of very low-income countries.
Conjunctive use / Environmental effects / Soil properties / Irrigation practices / Groundwater / Water quality / Wastewater / Water reuse
Record No:H030848
Report
Case studies / Risks / Public health / Groundwater / Water quality / Water use / Water availability / Households / Soil properties / Economic analysis / Water reuse / Irrigation water / Wastewater
Record No:H030847
Urban wastewater: a valuable resource for agriculture: a case study from Haroonabad, Pakistan
Farming communities in water-scarce regions increasingly practice the use of urban wastewater in agriculture. Untreated urban wastewater is generally considered unacceptable for direct use because of potential health risks. However, in many parts of the world, poor farmers in peri-urban areas use untreated wastewater. This situation is considered likely to continue even in the foreseeable future due to the high investment cost associated with the installation of treatment facilities.
Case studies / Risks / Public health / Groundwater / Water quality / Water use / Water availability / Households / Soil properties / Economic analysis / Water reuse / Irrigation water / Wastewater
Record No:H030847
Report
Pumps / Wells / Maintenance costs / Operating costs / Rehabilitation / Water management / Cropping systems / Private investment / Public investment / Irrigated farming
Record No:H030846
Irrigation sector in Sri Lanka: recent investment trends and the development path ahead
Increasing the area under irrigation and the widespread adoption of seed-fertilizer technology were the major factors that contributed to enhanced rice production in Sri Lanka, enabling the country to achieve self-sufficiency in rice. In recent years, there has been a shift in emphasis from expanding the irrigated land base to enhancing the productivity of irrigated land through diversification of agriculture and improvement of rice production, with better water management in irrigation schemes. This report attempts to assess how the irrigation sector in Sri Lanka is adapting itself to these new challenges. It analyzes the future direction of irrigation in Sri Lanka in light of recent trends in public and private investment in this sphere, and the revolution in groundwater development brought about by the poor performance and gradual deterioration of existing irrigation schemes.
Pumps / Wells / Maintenance costs / Operating costs / Rehabilitation / Water management / Cropping systems / Private investment / Public investment / Irrigated farming
Record No:H030846
Report
Cost recovery / Water distribution / Large-scale systems / Irrigation canals / Water user associations / Tenancy / Landlessness / Farm size / Poverty / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H030203
Poverty dimensions of irrigation management transfer in large-scale canal irrigation in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat, India
A growing body of evidence on the impacts of irrigation management transfer (IMT) shows that IMT risks aggravating rural poverty. For governments that aim to continue irrigation management while ensuring that it contributes to poverty alleviation, a quot;pro-poorquot; mode of IMT needs to be designed and implemented. That is, a mode of IMT that benefits poor farmers while benefiting non-poor farmers equally, or perhaps to a lesser degree. The present research explores the scope for pro-poor modes of IMT in canal irrigation, focusing on large-scale canal irrigation schemes in India.
Cost recovery / Water distribution / Large-scale systems / Irrigation canals / Water user associations / Tenancy / Landlessness / Farm size / Poverty / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H030203
Report
Pumps / Farmer-led irrigation / Land tenure / Water user associations / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Privatization / Small scale systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H030202
Institutional alternatives in African smallholder irrigation: lessons from international experience with irrigation management transfer
This report reviews several decades of global experience in transferring management of government-run irrigation systems to farmer associations or other nongovernmental agencies in an attempt to apply the lessons of success to the African smallholder irrigation context.
Pumps / Farmer-led irrigation / Land tenure / Water user associations / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Privatization / Small scale systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H030202
Report
Leadership / Water user associations / Case studies / Farming systems / Irrigated farming / Indicators / Performance evaluation / Decision making / Policy / Water management / Irrigation management / Women / Gender
Record No:H029556
A gender performance indicator for irrigation: concepts, tools and applications
Although gender issues are today a priority on the agendas of irrigation policy makers, interventionists, farm leaders and researchers, there is still a considerable gap between positive intentions and concrete action. An important but hitherto ignored reason for this is the lack of adequate generic concepts and tools that are policy-relevant and can accommodate the vast variation in irrigation contexts worldwide. The Gender Performance Indicator for Irrigation (GPII) aims to fill this gap. In any particular scheme, this tool diagnoses the gendered organization of farming and gender-based inclusion or exclusion in irrigation institutions. It informs irrigation agencies what they themselves can do for effective change-if necessary. The tool also identifies gender issues beyond a strict mandate of irrigation water provision. The Indicator was applied and tested in nine case studies in Africa and Asia. The research report presents the underlying concepts, methodological guidelines and selected applications of the GPII.
Leadership / Water user associations / Case studies / Farming systems / Irrigated farming / Indicators / Performance evaluation / Decision making / Policy / Water management / Irrigation management / Women / Gender
Record No:H029556
Report
Hydraulics / Farmer-led irrigation / Water conveyance / Rice / Farm size / Water scarcity / Equity / Productivity / Water distribution / Water delivery / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation operation / Irrigation design / Small scale systems / Watercourses / Irrigation canals / Farmer managed irrigation systems
Record No:H029685
Fundamentals of smallholder irrigation: the structured system concept
This study uses both farmer surveys and physical measurements to understand the impact RCTs have had on water use and water savings in the irrigated Rice-Wheat Zone of Pakistanapos;s Punjab province. The findings show that field scale water savings achieved from RCTs is not necessarily equivalent to water savings at broader scales and may even result in an increase in overall water depletion.
Hydraulics / Farmer-led irrigation / Water conveyance / Rice / Farm size / Water scarcity / Equity / Productivity / Water distribution / Water delivery / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation operation / Irrigation design / Small scale systems / Watercourses / Irrigation canals / Farmer managed irrigation systems
Record No:H029685
Report
Disease vectors / Waterborne diseases / Malaria / Rehabilitation / Tank irrigation / Watersheds
Record No:H029424
Small irrigation tanks as a source of malaria mosquito vectors: a study in north-central Sri Lanka
Thousands of small irrigation reservoirs (tanks) exist in rice ecosystems in malarious regions of south Asia. The potential of these tanks to generate malaria-transmitting mosquitoes has not been adequately evaluated. Through a study of nine small irrigation tanks in north-central Sri Lanka, this report provides an assessment of the capacity of tanks to generate malaria and nuisance mosquitoes, factors that contribute to mosquito generation, and measures that could ameliorate the problem.
Disease vectors / Waterborne diseases / Malaria / Rehabilitation / Tank irrigation / Watersheds
Record No:H029424
Report
Water use efficiency / Water management / Irrigation / Case studies / Groundwater / River basins / Water conservation
Record No:H029423
Hydronomic zones for developing basin water conservation strategies
Changes in the way water is used in one part of a river basin often affect how water is used somewhere else in that basin. This report introduces the concept of hydronomic ( hydro water + nomus management) zones that were developed to help untangle some of the complexities of basin-wide water resource use.
Water use efficiency / Water management / Irrigation / Case studies / Groundwater / River basins / Water conservation
Record No:H029423
Report
Water distribution / Seasonal variation / associations / Farmersapos / Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer participation / Flow / Reservoirs / Water demand / Water shortage / Water scarcity / Water use efficiency / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Catchment areas / River basins / Case studies / Rice / Crop yield / Crop production / Rain / Irrigated farming / Irrigation programs / Water management / Irrigation management
Record No:H028785
Water scarcity and managing seasonal water crisis: lessons from the Kirindi Oya Project in Sri Lanka
Coping with scarcity of water supply for managing irrigation under uncertain and inadequate conditions has become part and parcel of many irrigation systems in the semiarid tropics of Asia. Based on a case study of the Kirindi Oya Irrigation and Settlement Project (KOISP) in southern Sri Lanka, this report provides evidence of the uncertain and inadequate inflow into the reservoir and its impact on the seasonal planning.
Water distribution / Seasonal variation / associations / Farmersapos / Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer participation / Flow / Reservoirs / Water demand / Water shortage / Water scarcity / Water use efficiency / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Catchment areas / River basins / Case studies / Rice / Crop yield / Crop production / Rain / Irrigated farming / Irrigation programs / Water management / Irrigation management
Record No:H028785
Report
Villages / Farmer-led irrigation / Rural development / Pricing / Energy / Electricity supplies / Waterlogging / Water market / Flood water / Social aspects / Poverty / Public policy / Tube wells / Pumps / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater development / Groundwater management / River basins
Record No:H028784
Wells and welfare in the Ganga Basin: public policy and private initiative in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India
This report analyzes the history of groundwater development in the eastern Uttar Pradesh region over the 1950-1990 period. Its main conclusion is that the story of groundwater-based livelihood creation in the Ganga basin is one of failed public initiatives and successful adaptive responses by private agents. However, tube-well-induced agrarian dynamism in eastern Uttar Pradesh and north Bihar in recent years can spread to the entire basin if public policy makers learn correct lessons from the experience of these two subregions.
Villages / Farmer-led irrigation / Rural development / Pricing / Energy / Electricity supplies / Waterlogging / Water market / Flood water / Social aspects / Poverty / Public policy / Tube wells / Pumps / Groundwater irrigation / Groundwater development / Groundwater management / River basins
Record No:H028784
Report
Economic analysis / Hydrology / Cotton / Crop yield / Cropping systems / River basins / Indicators / Performance indexes / Water balance / Water supply / Water scarcity / Simulation models / Productivity / Water resources
Record No:H028144
Estimating productivity of water at different spatial scales using simulation modeling
A clear understanding of the current water balance is required to explore options for water saving measures. However, measurement of all the terms in the water balance is infeasible in terms of spatial and temporal scale, but hydrological simulation models can fill the gap between measured and required data. For a basin in Western Turkey, simulation modeling at three different scales, field, irrigation scheme and basin scale, was performed to obtain all terms of the water balance. These water balance numbers were used to calculate the Productivity of Water at the three spatial levels distinguished to assess the performance of the systems.
Economic analysis / Hydrology / Cotton / Crop yield / Cropping systems / River basins / Indicators / Performance indexes / Water balance / Water supply / Water scarcity / Simulation models / Productivity / Water resources
Record No:H028144
Report
Case studies / Salinity / Economic aspects / Water shortage / River basins / Pricing / Water rates / User charges / Cost recovery / Maintenance / Operations / Water use efficiency / Water allocation / Productivity / Irrigation management
Record No:H027766
Charging for irrigation water: the issues and options, with a case study from Iran
Inadequate funding for maintenance of irrigation works and emerging shortages of water are prevalent. The use of water charges to generate resources for maintenance and to reduce demand is widely advocated. Examples from other utilities, and from the domestic/industrial sectors of water supply suggest the approach could be effective.; In developing countries, the facilities required for measured and controlled delivery of irrigation are rarely in place, and would require a massive investment in physical, legal and administrative infrastructure.; To be effective in curtailing demand, the marginal price of water must be significant. The price levels required to cover operation and maintenance (Oamp;M) costs are too low to have a substantial impact on demand, much less to actually bring supply and demand into balance. On the other hand, the prices required to control demand are unlikely to be within the politically feasible range.; Furthermore, water supplied is a proper measure of service in domestic and industrial uses. But in irrigation, and especially as the water resource itself becomes constrained, water consumption is the appropriate unit for water accounting. This is exceptionally difficult to measure.; An alternative approach to cope with shortage would focus on assigning volumes to specific uses—effectively rationing water where demand exceeds supply. This approach has a number of potential benefits including simplicity, transparency, and the potential to tailor allocations specifically to hydrological situations, particularly where salinity is a problem.; Data from Iran are presented to support these contentions.
Case studies / Salinity / Economic aspects / Water shortage / River basins / Pricing / Water rates / User charges / Cost recovery / Maintenance / Operations / Water use efficiency / Water allocation / Productivity / Irrigation management
Record No:H027766
Report
Family labor / Models / Crop production / Productivity / Reservoirs / Fisheries / Water delivery / Water allocation / Economic evaluation / Income / Production costs / Rice / Irrigated farming / Irrigation programs / Water management / Irrigation management
Record No:H028213
Valuing water in irrigated agriculture and reservoir fisheries: a multiple-use irrigation system in Sri Lanka
Although irrigation projects often provide water for more than crop irrigation, water allocation and management decisions often do not account for nonirrigation uses of water. Failure to account for the multiple uses of irrigation water may result in inefficient and inequitable water allocation decisions. Decision-makers often lack information on the relative economic contributions of water in irrigation and nonirrigation uses. This report addresses this problem. It examines the relative economic contributions of irrigated agriculture and reservoir fisheries in the Kirindi Oya irrigation system, located in southeastern Sri Lanka. The results of the analysis indicate the importance of both irrigated paddy production and reservoir fisheries to the local economy. They also demonstrate significant potential financial and economic gains to irrigated agriculture from improvements in water management practices.
Family labor / Models / Crop production / Productivity / Reservoirs / Fisheries / Water delivery / Water allocation / Economic evaluation / Income / Production costs / Rice / Irrigated farming / Irrigation programs / Water management / Irrigation management
Record No:H028213
Report
Salt water intrusion / Surface water / Stream flow / Irrigated farming / Irrigation water / Climate / Water use efficiency / Environmental effects / Decision making / Hydrology / River basin development / Models / Water allocation / Water management
Record No:H027645
Modeling scenarios for water allocation in the Gediz Basin, Turkey
Describes the use of a distributed hydrologic model to evaluate different data scenarios. The study attempted to answer questions such as; what will happen to the basin water resources if a)there is a change in climate; b)it is decided that more water must be retained in the river for environmental reasons; c)more water is extracted for urban and industrial use; d)the timing and accounts used for water are changed?
Salt water intrusion / Surface water / Stream flow / Irrigated farming / Irrigation water / Climate / Water use efficiency / Environmental effects / Decision making / Hydrology / River basin development / Models / Water allocation / Water management
Record No:H027645
Report
Water scarcity / Indicators / Irrigated farming / Case studies / Productivity / Water use / River basins / Water conservation / Water management
Record No:H027616
Basin-level use and productivity of water: examples from South Asia
Discusses and illustrates concepts for identifying ways of improving productivity of water within basins. The results of applying a water accounting procedure to four sub-basins in South Asia (Bhakra in India; Chishtian in Pakistan; Huruluwewa in nothern Sri Lanka; and Kirindi Oya in southern Sri Lanka) are presented. The methodology used identifies the quantities and productivity of various uses of water within a basin. This information is then used to identify the water-saving potential, and the means of improving the productivity of the managed supplies.
Water scarcity / Indicators / Irrigated farming / Case studies / Productivity / Water use / River basins / Water conservation / Water management
Record No:H027616
Report
Indicators / Forecasting / Water availability / Water use efficiency / Percolation / Seepage / Evaporation / Catchment areas / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Irrigation requirements / Mathematical models / Simulation models / Water balance / Calibrations / Tank irrigation / Irrigation systems / Water management
Record No:H027839
Predicting water availability in irrigation tank cascade systems: the cascade water balance model
Better water management in irrigation tank cascade systems is vital in achieving higher productive use of available water. To develop and implement management practices aimed at improving effective use of water, studies leading to the development of models that can predict available tank water in irrigation tank cascade systems are invaluable. This report presents a simple water balance model, Cascade, developed to predict tank water availability in the Thirappane tank cascade system in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. The report includes calibration of the model and its application to predict tank water availability for rice crops over a 10-year period.
Indicators / Forecasting / Water availability / Water use efficiency / Percolation / Seepage / Evaporation / Catchment areas / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Irrigation requirements / Mathematical models / Simulation models / Water balance / Calibrations / Tank irrigation / Irrigation systems / Water management
Record No:H027839
Report
Climate / Environmental control / Flood irrigation / Productivity / Disease vectors / Malaria / Rice / Waterborne diseases / Irrigated farming / Water conservation / Water use efficiency / Water scarcity / Water management
Record No:H027579
Alternate wet/dry irrigation in rice cultivation: a practical way to save water and control malaria and Japanese encephalitis?
More irrigated land is devoted to rice than to any other crop. A method to save water in irrigated rice cultivation is the intermittent drying of the rice fields, known as alternate wet/dry irrigation (AWDI). This report reviews previous studies in AWDI, with a focus on mosquito vector control, water saving, and rice yields. Examples are provided from a number of countries.
Climate / Environmental control / Flood irrigation / Productivity / Disease vectors / Malaria / Rice / Waterborne diseases / Irrigated farming / Water conservation / Water use efficiency / Water scarcity / Water management
Record No:H027579
Report
Equity / Performance evaluation / Surface water / Groundwater development / SRS data analysis / Seepage loss / Canal linings / Watercourses / Remote sensing / Water distribution / Water management
Record No:H027459
Using remote sensing techniques to evaluate lining efficacy of watercourses
Studies the low-cost alternative strategy of selective lining of watercourses to reduce seepage and increase irrigated areas in the Indian subcontinent. Satellite remote-sensing (SRS) is seen as a cost-effective evaluation tool in view of its large area of synoptic and repetitive coverage.
Equity / Performance evaluation / Surface water / Groundwater development / SRS data analysis / Seepage loss / Canal linings / Watercourses / Remote sensing / Water distribution / Water management
Record No:H027459
Report
Pricing / Farmer-led irrigation / Marketing / Income / Social impact / Irrigated farming / Poverty / Aquifers / Low lift pumps / Water lifting / Manual pumps / Technology transfer / Irrigation management
Record No:H027051
Pedaling out of poverty: social impact of a manual irrigation technology in South Asia
An assessment of the social impact of treadle pump technology for manual irrigation in eastern India, the Nepal Terai, and Bangladesh, South Asiaapos;s so-called quot;poverty square.quot; Treadle pump technology can be a powerful tool for poverty reduction in this region. It quot;self-selectsquot; the poor, and puts to productive use the regionapos;s vast surplus family labor. It is claimed that the treadle pump could raise the annual net household income by US$100, on the average.
Pricing / Farmer-led irrigation / Marketing / Income / Social impact / Irrigated farming / Poverty / Aquifers / Low lift pumps / Water lifting / Manual pumps / Technology transfer / Irrigation management
Record No:H027051
Report
Models / Soil properties / Water supply / Cropping systems / Water management / Performance evaluation / Productivity / Wheat / Irrigated farming
Record No:H026994
Productivity and performance of irrigated wheat farms across canal commands in the Lower Indus Basin
A study of the enormous differences in agricultural productivity that exist across farms and regions in Pakistan, where, for example, recent farm-level data from Sindh, indicates that irrigated wheat output per hectare varies from 0.5 to 5.4 tons across farms. Looks at the central goal of agricultural policy in the country, viz. improving and sustaining productivity, narrowing the existing productivity gaps, and enhancing resource use efficiencies to meet food requirements of a rapidly growing population.
Models / Soil properties / Water supply / Cropping systems / Water management / Performance evaluation / Productivity / Wheat / Irrigated farming
Record No:H026994
Report
Soils / Precipitation / Evapotranspiration / Flow / Hydrology / River basins / Groundwater / Water balance / Irrigation management / Simulation models
Record No:H027026
Integrated basin modeling
River basins are complex areas, combining the natural processes of precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface water and groundwater runoff with man-made features such as dams and reservoirs, diversions and irrigation schemes, and industrial and urban water uses. Computer models may be constructed to represent these natural and man-made processes. Such models are used to help understand processes that are difficult to measure (such as evaporation) and to study the effects of changes in land cover, water management or climate on the natural and man-made processes.
Soils / Precipitation / Evapotranspiration / Flow / Hydrology / River basins / Groundwater / Water balance / Irrigation management / Simulation models
Record No:H027026
Report
Models / Hydrology / River basins / Irrigation management / Water balance / Water requirements / Crops / Productivity / Measurement / Field tests / Satellite surveys / Remote sensing / Estimation / Evapotranspiration
Record No:H026795
Comparing estimates of actual evapotranspiration from satellites, hydrological models, and field data: a case study from Western Turkey
An overview of an experiment in which 8 different methods of estimating actual evaporation and transpiration were compared using a common database. Methods based on field data, hydrological models, and satellite data were used and the objectives were to compare results and to assess the utility of each method for various applications.
Models / Hydrology / River basins / Irrigation management / Water balance / Water requirements / Crops / Productivity / Measurement / Field tests / Satellite surveys / Remote sensing / Estimation / Evapotranspiration
Record No:H026795
Report
Case studies / Data collection / Water use / Crop production / Irrigation water / River basins / Water resource management / Water reuse / Wastewater / Water quality
Record No:H024794
Urban wastewater reuse for crop production in the water-short Guanajuato River Basin, Mexico
From a river-basin perspective, wastewater irrigation is an important form of water and nutrient reuse; however, there are important water quality, environmental, and public health considerations. This report explores the advantages and risks of urban wastewater reuse for crop production in the water-short Guanajuato river-basin in west-central Mexico, and then by a selective literature review demonstrates how common this practice is worldwide. It also evaluates several alternative water-management scenarios through application of the Interactive River Aquifer Simulation (IRAS) model, developed by Cornell University and Resource Planning Associates.
Case studies / Data collection / Water use / Crop production / Irrigation water / River basins / Water resource management / Water reuse / Wastewater / Water quality
Record No:H024794
Report
Water demand / Stream flow / Water allocation / Water scarcity / Water management / Land classification / Hydrology / Models / Data collection / Water resources / River basin development
Record No:H026463
Using datasets from the Internet for hydrological modeling: an example from the Kucuk Menderes Basin, Turkey
Public domain datasets are freely available on the Internet are easy to obtain, and often more up-to-date than those from local sources. This simplifies the modeling process and increases the ability to model basins anywhere in the world, from anywhere with Internet access. Although not all types of data are available, and some conversions may be needed, the information provided does allow for quick and easy simulations of basins. The Semi-Distributed Land-Use Runoff Process (SLURP) hydrological model has been designed to take advantage of such data sources. The application described in this report uses public domain data for topography, land use, seasonal variation in leaf area index (for transpiration) and climate data- all without calibration of parameters.
Water demand / Stream flow / Water allocation / Water scarcity / Water management / Land classification / Hydrology / Models / Data collection / Water resources / River basin development
Record No:H026463
Report
Dams / Surface water / River basins / Conjunctive use / Aquifers / Costs / Reservoir storage / Water scarcity / Water storage / Groundwater
Record No:H026190
Water scarcity and the role of storage in development
Of the four major ways of storing water —in the soil profile, in underground aquifers, in small reservoirs, and in large reservoirs behind dams—the first is possible only for relatively short periods of time. In this paper, the authors concentrate on the three kinds of long-term technologies, and compare the hydrological, operational, economic and environmental aspects of each.
Dams / Surface water / River basins / Conjunctive use / Aquifers / Costs / Reservoir storage / Water scarcity / Water storage / Groundwater
Record No:H026190
Report
Costs / Economic impact / Crop yield / Productivity / Maintenance / Operations / Performance / Water distribution / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H026189
An assessment of the Small-Scale Irrigation Management Turnover Program in Indonesia
Examines the extent to which the Government of Indonesiaapos;s aspirations were realized through turnover program adopted in 1987. The impacts of management turnover on irrigation management and irrigated agriculture in selected systems in West and Central Java are analyzed. This study is part of a comparative research program to examine the impacts of irrigation management transfer in several countries using a common methodology.
Costs / Economic impact / Crop yield / Productivity / Maintenance / Operations / Performance / Water distribution / Irrigation systems / Small scale systems / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H026189
Report
Food production / Farmer-led irrigation / Climate / Costs / Financing / Case studies / Constraints / Performance evaluation / Privatization / Institution building / associations / Farmersapos / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Low-lift pumps / Low-lift irrigation / Water resources development / Sustainability / River basin development / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H026188
Farmer-based financing of operations in the Niger Valley irrigation schemes
Presents the results of case-studies of the functioning of four pump-based irrigation systems in the Niger River Valley. Prospects for sustainability are analyzed, especially in the light of the governmentapos;s policy of promoting irrigator organizations to take over responsibilities for operation and maintenance.
Food production / Farmer-led irrigation / Climate / Costs / Financing / Case studies / Constraints / Performance evaluation / Privatization / Institution building / associations / Farmersapos / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Low-lift pumps / Low-lift irrigation / Water resources development / Sustainability / River basin development / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H026188
Report
Case studies / Water allocation / Participatory management / Water user associations / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Households / Privatization / Labor / Gender / Women in development
Record No:H045360
Los problemas vinculados con el genero y la participacion de las mujeres en la agricultura de riego: el caso de dos canales privados de riego en Carchi, Ecuador. In Spanish
Defines the degree of womenapos;s involvement in irrigated agriculture and water users associations in two private irrigation canals in Ecuador and identifies factors that limit their involvement. Analyzes the effects of intra-household dynamics and the womenapos;s urban/rural backgrounds on participation.
Case studies / Water allocation / Participatory management / Water user associations / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Households / Privatization / Labor / Gender / Women in development
Record No:H045360
Report
Farmer-agency interactions / Equity / Water user associations / associations / Farmersapos / Land ownership / Leadership / Social participation / Social organization / Privatization / Property rights / Irrigation canals / Water resource management
Record No:H025371
Institutional change and shared management of water resources in large canal systems: results of an action research program in Pakistan
Demonstrates the viability of farmers organizations for managing parts of the water resource system to achieve efficient and equitable use of water in a hierarchical society such as Pakistan. Suggests a successful conceptual and methodological framework for taking a bottom-up approach to the formation of water users associations and identifies possible constraints on its wider application.
Farmer-agency interactions / Equity / Water user associations / associations / Farmersapos / Land ownership / Leadership / Social participation / Social organization / Privatization / Property rights / Irrigation canals / Water resource management
Record No:H025371
Report
Case studies / Performance indexes / Water management / Irrigation systems / Canal regulation techniques / Irrigation canals / Irrigation operation / Modernization
Record No:H024653
Modernizing irrigation operations: spatially differentiated resource allocations
Presents an improved methodology for evaluating the resource demands necessary for effective canal operations. Includes identification and analysis of three operational domains: vulnerability, sensitivity and perturbation. Enables more cost-effective strategies and procedures for operation, and priorities for rehabilitation or modernization of physical infrastructure.
Case studies / Performance indexes / Water management / Irrigation systems / Canal regulation techniques / Irrigation canals / Irrigation operation / Modernization
Record No:H024653
Report
Models / Regression analysis / Large-scale systems / Small scale systems / Government managed irrigation systems / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Returns / Economic aspects / Irrigation management / Operating costs / Indicators / Performance evaluation / Policy / Privatization
Record No:H025058
Assessment of participatory management of irrigation schemes in Sri Lanka: partial reforms, partial benefits
Describes the application of a standard methodology developed by IWMI to assess the impact of irrigation management transfer on the performance of irrigation schemes. Includes detailed analysis of the effects of participatory management on the performance of irrigation schemes in Sri Lanka.
Models / Regression analysis / Large-scale systems / Small scale systems / Government managed irrigation systems / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Returns / Economic aspects / Irrigation management / Operating costs / Indicators / Performance evaluation / Policy / Privatization
Record No:H025058
Report
Productivity / Water supply / Water distribution / Irrigated farming / Rice / Remote sensing / attitudes / Farmersapos / Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Modernization / Irrigation programs / Performance evaluation
Record No:H025057
Modernization using the structured system design of the Bhadra Reservoir Project, India: an intervention analysis
Evaluates the performance of the Bhadra Reservoir Project-before, during, and after the introduction of modernization with structured system design. Analysis focuses on water management, agricultural productivity, and farmer participation and perception. Identifies the absence of a continuing support mechanism and lack of farmer participation as the major causes for the projectapos;s decline.
Productivity / Water supply / Water distribution / Irrigated farming / Rice / Remote sensing / attitudes / Farmersapos / Farmer-agency interactions / Farmer participation / Participatory management / Modernization / Irrigation programs / Performance evaluation
Record No:H025057
Report
Case studies / Rice / Irrigation requirements / Recycling / Irrigation efficiency / Reservoir storage / River basins / Surface runoff / Maps / Water demand / Water supply / Water resources / Indicators / Water scarcity
Record No:H024897
Water scarcity variations within a country: a case study of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is a country with vast spatial and seasonal variations of water supply and demand. Statistics in the form of aggregated information at national level sometimes mask issues of local water scarcity. But when the same indicators are used at subunit level, a substantial area of the country comes under severe water-scarce conditions. Knowledge of subunit level water scarcities is very important because most of the food requirement of the country at present comes from water-scarce regions and projected additional requirements are also to be met by the same regions.
Case studies / Rice / Irrigation requirements / Recycling / Irrigation efficiency / Reservoir storage / River basins / Surface runoff / Maps / Water demand / Water supply / Water resources / Indicators / Water scarcity
Record No:H024897
Report
Case studies / Water allocation / Participatory management / Water user associations / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Households / Privatization / Labor / Gender / Women in development
Record No:H024891
Gender issues and women's participation in irrigated agriculture: the case of two private irrigation canals in Carchi, Ecuador
Defines the degree of womenapos;s involvement in irrigated agriculture and water users associations in two private irrigation canals in Ecuador and identifies factors that limit their involvement. Analyzes the effects of intra-household dynamics and the womenapos;s urban/rural backgrounds on participation.
Case studies / Water allocation / Participatory management / Water user associations / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Households / Privatization / Labor / Gender / Women in development
Record No:H024891
Report
Salinity / Soil properties / Flow / Soil water / Soil reclamation / Hydraulics / Water balance / Water table / Calibrations / Simulation models / Groundwater / Water quality
Record No:H024201
Mechanically reclaiming abandoned saline soils: a numerical evaluation
Tests the hypothesis that timely surface cultivation before monsoon or winter rains in semiarid and arid areas will assist reclamation of abandoned saline soils. The effect of surface cultivation, monsoon rains, depth to water table, and ground water salinity on secondary salinity are evaluated using a numerical model, SWAP93.
Salinity / Soil properties / Flow / Soil water / Soil reclamation / Hydraulics / Water balance / Water table / Calibrations / Simulation models / Groundwater / Water quality
Record No:H024201
Report
Case studies / Networks / Water supply / Constraints / Hydraulics / Gravity flow / Environmental effects / Irrigation effects / Water storage / Water conveyance / Water distribution / Water delivery / Typology / Operations / Canals / Water use efficiency / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H024200
Generic typology for irrigation systems operation
This report presents a methodology for identifying the main characteristic features (constraints and opportunities) of gravity-fed irrigation systems, which influence management and operation of the system for the purpose of water delivery. It presents the development of a generic typology for improving irrigation system operations. A case study of 64 irrigation systems in Sri Lanka is presented illustrating the practical application of the proposed typology.
Case studies / Networks / Water supply / Constraints / Hydraulics / Gravity flow / Environmental effects / Irrigation effects / Water storage / Water conveyance / Water distribution / Water delivery / Typology / Operations / Canals / Water use efficiency / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H024200
Report
Surface irrigation / Wheat / Crop yield / Salinity / Groundwater / Productivity / Sustainable agriculture / Satellite surveys / Irrigated farming / GIS / Remote sensing / Performance evaluation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation canals / Irrigation systems
Record No:H024199
Performance evaluation of the Bhakra Irrigation System, India, using remote sensing and GIS techniques
Describes the use of satellite remote sensing and GIs techniques to analyze the agricultural performance and sustainability of the Bhakra Irrigation System in India. Demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of these techniques as diagnostic tools for irrigation system improvement and the advantages of using SRS and GIs in combination.
Surface irrigation / Wheat / Crop yield / Salinity / Groundwater / Productivity / Sustainable agriculture / Satellite surveys / Irrigated farming / GIS / Remote sensing / Performance evaluation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation canals / Irrigation systems
Record No:H024199
Report
Evapotranspiration / Irrigation scheduling / Satellite surveys / Hydrology / Irrigated farming / Models / GIS / Remote sensing / Performance evaluation / Irrigation canals / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H024074
Remote sensing and hydrologic models for performance assessment in Sirsa Irrigation Circle, India
Describes the results of an irrigation performance evaluation using remote sensing techniques, GIS procedures, and hydrologic modeling at a regional scale. Demonstrates how advanced information technologies support the analysis of irrigation performance by facilitating an in-depth study of a large irrigated area.
Evapotranspiration / Irrigation scheduling / Satellite surveys / Hydrology / Irrigated farming / Models / GIS / Remote sensing / Performance evaluation / Irrigation canals / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H024074
Report
Data collection / Decision support tools / Forestry / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Water yield / Runoff / Case studies / Water balance / Catchment areas / Flow / Land use / Hydrology / Watershed management
Record No:H024099
Use of historical data as a decision support tool in watershed management: a case study of the Upper Nilwala Basin in Sri Lanka
Watershed analysis provides a framework for ecosystem management, which is currently the best option for conservation and management of natural resources. The current methods of assessing hydrologic impacts of land use transformation at the watershed scale, particularly in the tropics, are impaired by technical, financial and time constraints. This study provides an alternative approach to ascertain the actual changes in hydrologic response of a particular watershed to land use transformations made in the past.
Data collection / Decision support tools / Forestry / Rainfall-runoff relationships / Water yield / Runoff / Case studies / Water balance / Catchment areas / Flow / Land use / Hydrology / Watershed management
Record No:H024099
Report
Agricultural production / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Costs / Policy / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management / Privatization
Record No:H045357
Impactos del actual programa de transferencia del manejo de la irrigacion en Colombia. In Spanish
Assess the impacts of the current national irrigation management transfer program in Colombia. Examines the context of transfer, the basic transfer strategy, the impacts of transfer, and the powers and functions devolved in the transferred districts. The need to use the transfer process to create local management self-reliance is also stressed.
Agricultural production / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Costs / Policy / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management / Privatization
Record No:H045357
Report
Agricultural production / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Costs / Policy / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management / Privatization
Record No:H023448
Impacts of Colombia's current irrigation management transfer program
Assess the impacts of the current national irrigation management transfer program in Colombia. Examines the context of transfer, the basic transfer strategy, the impacts of transfer, and the powers and functions devolved in the transferred districts. The need to use the transfer process to create local management self-reliance is also stressed.
Agricultural production / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Costs / Policy / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management / Privatization
Record No:H023448
Report
Yield / Uncertainty / Reservoirs / Water delivery / Water scarcity / Water supply / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigated farming / Agricultural production / Evapotranspiration / Water use efficiency / Water resource management
Record No:H022447
Farmer response to rationed and uncertain irrigation supplies
Explores the theoretical and actual responses of farmers faced with irrigation supplies that are limited in relation to available land and labor resources, and where the actual schedule and available volume for delivery are uncertain.
Yield / Uncertainty / Reservoirs / Water delivery / Water scarcity / Water supply / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigated farming / Agricultural production / Evapotranspiration / Water use efficiency / Water resource management
Record No:H022447
Report
Water distribution / Water supply / Water allocation / Water rights / Water user associations / Irrigation efficiency / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation systems / Privatization / Performance / Water policy
Record No:H045355
Desempeno de dos modulos transferidos en la region Lagunera Realciones: del agua. In Spanish
Evaluates the degree of success of water users in managing water allocations and deliveries in two irrigation district modules in the Lagunera Region of Mexico. Policies and practices are evaluated from the standpoints of the nature of planning rules, consistency, equity, and efficiency in implementation of the plans.
Water distribution / Water supply / Water allocation / Water rights / Water user associations / Irrigation efficiency / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation systems / Privatization / Performance / Water policy
Record No:H045355
Report
Water distribution / Water supply / Water allocation / Water rights / Water user associations / Irrigation efficiency / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation systems / Privatization / Performance / Water policy
Record No:H022591
Performance of two transferred modules in the Lagunera Region: water relations
Evaluates the degree of success of water users in managing water allocations and deliveries in two irrigation district modules in the Lagunera Region of Mexico. Policies and practices are evaluated from the standpoints of the nature of planning rules, consistency, equity, and efficiency in implementation of the plans.
Water distribution / Water supply / Water allocation / Water rights / Water user associations / Irrigation efficiency / Maintenance / Operations / Irrigation systems / Privatization / Performance / Water policy
Record No:H022591
Report
Water use efficiency / Performance evaluation / Environmental effects / Data collection / Economic aspects / Water rights / Performance indexes / Indicators / Monitoring / Operation / Institutional constraints / Case studies / Water distribution / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation management
Record No:H022236
Evaluacion del desempeno del riego con indicadores comparativos: el caso del Distrito de Riego Alto Rio Lerma, Mexico. In Spanish
Describes and evaluates the application of IWMIapos;s minimum set of performance indicators to the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District, and compares this with the application of a small set of process performance indicators.
Water use efficiency / Performance evaluation / Environmental effects / Data collection / Economic aspects / Water rights / Performance indexes / Indicators / Monitoring / Operation / Institutional constraints / Case studies / Water distribution / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation management
Record No:H022236
Report
Water use efficiency / Performance evaluation / Environmental effects / Data collection / Economic aspects / Water rights / Performance indexes / Indicators / Monitoring / Operation / Institutional constraints / Case studies / Water distribution / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation management
Record No:H045356
Assessing irrigation performance with comparative indicators: the case of the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District, Mexico
Describes and evaluates the application of IWMIapos;s minimum set of performance indicators to the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District, and compares this with the application of a small set of process performance indicators.
Water use efficiency / Performance evaluation / Environmental effects / Data collection / Economic aspects / Water rights / Performance indexes / Indicators / Monitoring / Operation / Institutional constraints / Case studies / Water distribution / Water allocation / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation management
Record No:H045356
Report
Irrigation effects / Irrigation canals / Maintenance / Operations / Institutional constraints / Case studies / Modernization / Rehabilitation / Water allocation / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H022222
Need for institutional impact assessment in planning irrigation system modernization
Presents a case study of the institutional implications of remodeling an old irrigation system in northern Pakistan. Highlights the importance for donors and project planners to consider institutional issues such as water allocation rules, operation procedures, and organizational capacity for post-construction system management along with changes to the physical infrastructure.
Irrigation effects / Irrigation canals / Maintenance / Operations / Institutional constraints / Case studies / Modernization / Rehabilitation / Water allocation / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H022222
Report
Prices / Water requirements / Water demand / Crop production / Financing / Performance indexes / Indicators / Irrigation systems / Irrigated farming
Record No:H022308
Indicators for comparing performance of irrigated agricultural systems
Outlines IWMIapos;s external and other comparative performance indicators that allow for analysis of irrigation performance across systems. The purpose of these indicators is to understand the current situation with respect to productive utilization of land and water, to compare relative performance of systems, and to identify where performance can be improved.
Prices / Water requirements / Water demand / Crop production / Financing / Performance indexes / Indicators / Irrigation systems / Irrigated farming
Record No:H022308
Report
Rice / Recycling / Food security / Productivity / Irrigated farming / Water shortage / Water demand / Water scarcity / Domestic water / Water requirements / Water supply / Water use efficiency / Basin irrigation / River basins / Water balance / Irrigation management
Record No:H022221
World water demand and supply, 1990 to 2025: scenarios and issues
Presents two alternative scenarios of water demand and supply for 118 countries over the 1990 to 2025 period and develops indicators of water scarcity for each country and for the world as a whole. This study is the first step in IWMIapos;s long-term research goal: to determine the extent and depth of water scarcity, its consequences for individual countries and what can be done about it.
Rice / Recycling / Food security / Productivity / Irrigated farming / Water shortage / Water demand / Water scarcity / Domestic water / Water requirements / Water supply / Water use efficiency / Basin irrigation / River basins / Water balance / Irrigation management
Record No:H022221
Report
Reservoir storage / Rain / Project evaluation / Models / Rehabilitation / Productivity / Irrigation systems / Water management / Irrigation management
Record No:H022220
Impact assessment of rehabilitation intervention in the Gal Oya Left Bank [Sri Lanka]
Assesses the impact of rehabilitation interventions on irrigation system performance using time series analysis. The study demonstrates that with proper impact specification and model identification, the nature and magnitude of the impacts of different interventions can be separated from the effects of simultaneous changes in dominant exogenous factors.
Reservoir storage / Rain / Project evaluation / Models / Rehabilitation / Productivity / Irrigation systems / Water management / Irrigation management
Record No:H022220
Report
Distributary canals / Water users / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Irrigation scheduling / Design / Water distribution / Watercourses / Water allocation / Irrigation management / Water management
Record No:H022219
Design and practice of water allocation rules: lessons from warabandi in Pakistan's Punjab
Focuses on the existing gap between the traditional design concepts of warabandi - in irrigation water allocation method practiced in Pakistan and Northern India - and its actual practice. Within this focus it also outlines some institutional implications of the present practice of warabandi and identifies further research and policy needs.
Distributary canals / Water users / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Irrigation scheduling / Design / Water distribution / Watercourses / Water allocation / Irrigation management / Water management
Record No:H022219
Report
Farmer participation / Water user associations / Agricultural production / Operations / Maintenance / Financing / Groundwater / Water distribution / Water allocation / Water rights / Data collection / Legal aspects / Economic aspects / Assessment / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H045359
Los impactos de la transferencia del manejo del riego en el Distrito de Riego Alto Rio Lerma, Mexico. In Spanish
Tests the hypothesis that, in general, irrigation management transfer has positive impacts on operation performance, managerial accountability, Oamp;M budgeting and expenditures, costs of water to farmers, and agricultural and economic productivity in the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District in Mexico. Evaluates the potential of the Mexican IMT process as a model for other countries.
Farmer participation / Water user associations / Agricultural production / Operations / Maintenance / Financing / Groundwater / Water distribution / Water allocation / Water rights / Data collection / Legal aspects / Economic aspects / Assessment / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H045359
Report
Land ownership / User charges / Water law / Irrigated farming / Agricultural policy / Investment / Water user associations / Economic aspects / Public sector / Private sector / Sustainability / Agricultural production / Participatory management / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H045358
La transferencia del manejo de la irrigacion en Mexico: una estrategia para lograr la sostenibilidad de los distritos de riego. In Spanish
Describes the process of transfer of irrigation districts in Mexico from public ownership to joint management, where responsibility for irrigation Oamp;M is shared between the public irrigation agency and water user associations. It evaluates the sustainability of transferred systems and discusses needed changes.
Land ownership / User charges / Water law / Irrigated farming / Agricultural policy / Investment / Water user associations / Economic aspects / Public sector / Private sector / Sustainability / Agricultural production / Participatory management / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H045358
Report
Land ownership / User charges / Water law / Irrigated farming / Agricultural policy / Investment / Water user associations / Economic aspects / Public sector / Private sector / Sustainability / Agricultural production / Participatory management / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H022218
Irrigation management transfer in Mexico: a strategy to achieve irrigation district sustainability
Describes the process of transfer of irrigation districts in Mexico from public ownership to joint management, where responsibility for irrigation Oamp;M is shared between the public irrigation agency and water user associations. It evaluates the sustainability of transferred systems and discusses needed changes.
Land ownership / User charges / Water law / Irrigated farming / Agricultural policy / Investment / Water user associations / Economic aspects / Public sector / Private sector / Sustainability / Agricultural production / Participatory management / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H022218
Report
Farmer participation / Water user associations / Agricultural production / Operations / Maintenance / Financing / Groundwater / Water distribution / Water allocation / Water rights / Data collection / Legal aspects / Economic aspects / Assessment / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H022010
Impact assessment of irrigation management transfer in the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District, Mexico
Tests the hypothesis that, in general, irrigation management transfer has positive impacts on operation performance, managerial accountability, Oamp;M budgeting and expenditures, costs of water to farmers, and agricultural and economic productivity in the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District in Mexico. Evaluates the potential of the Mexican IMT process as a model for other countries.
Farmer participation / Water user associations / Agricultural production / Operations / Maintenance / Financing / Groundwater / Water distribution / Water allocation / Water rights / Data collection / Legal aspects / Economic aspects / Assessment / Privatization / Irrigation management
Record No:H022010
Report
Water policy / Water market / Marginal analysis / Privatization / Pricing / Water rights / Irrigated farming / Economic analysis / Economic aspects / Water resource management
Record No:H021492
Water as an economic good: a solution, or a problem?
Discusses the potential opportunities and pitfalls of introducing market forces into the process of water allocation. Proposes several preconditions for beneficial privatization of water allocation and argues for a more sophisticated form of analysis than that generally allowed by proponents of basic needs or of free market approaches.
Water policy / Water market / Marginal analysis / Privatization / Pricing / Water rights / Irrigated farming / Economic analysis / Economic aspects / Water resource management
Record No:H021492
Report
Arid zones / Water resources development / River Basin development / Farmer participation / Conflict / Reservoirs / Small-scale systems / Tank irrigation / Rehabilitation / Irrigation systems
Record No:H021491
Rehabilitation planning for small tanks in cascades: a methodology based on rapid assessment
Presents a methodology for planning the rehabilitation and improvement of small-scale irrigation systems within the context of the water basin when information on hydrology and water use is inadequate. The methodology is useful to those undertaking irrigation rehabilitation projects in similar circumstances, and it may also be extended to water resources planning in many other circumstances.
Arid zones / Water resources development / River Basin development / Farmer participation / Conflict / Reservoirs / Small-scale systems / Tank irrigation / Rehabilitation / Irrigation systems
Record No:H021491
Report
Case studies / Bananas / Large-scale systems / Legislation / Water user associations / Water delivery / Water allocation / Water distribution / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation operation / Performance / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H021103
Water distribution rules and water distribution performance: a case study in the Tambraparani Irrigation System
Explores the relationship of water distribution rules to water distribution performance in the Tambraparani Irrigation System in India. Argues that if water distribution rules do not match the irrigation services desired by the users, the users subvert the rules to provide the water deliveries they require, with negative impacts on water distribution performance and equity, and the cost of irrigation.
Case studies / Bananas / Large-scale systems / Legislation / Water user associations / Water delivery / Water allocation / Water distribution / Irrigation scheduling / Irrigation operation / Performance / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H021103
Report
Environmental sustainability / Operations / Financing / Economic aspects / Irrigated farming / Performance evaluation / Case studies / Privatization / Policy / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H020352
Impacts of irrigation management transfer: a review of the evidence
Evaluates data from 29 different studies on irrigation management transfer to assess the impacts of transfer on various aspects of irrigation system management. Twelve guiding principles to ensure a more systematic approach to research on the impacts of management transfer are proposed. Identifies key research propositions on the conditions necessary for transfer programs to succeed.
Environmental sustainability / Operations / Financing / Economic aspects / Irrigated farming / Performance evaluation / Case studies / Privatization / Policy / Irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H020352
Report
Performance evaluation / Satellite surveys / Case studies / Policy / Models / GIS / Remote sensing / Crop yield / Cropping systems / Rice / Food production / Irrigation systems / Agricultural production / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management
Record No:H020351
Satellite remote sensing for assessment of irrigation system performance: a case study in India
Describes the use of satellite remote sensing and geographic information system techniques to obtain information on primary agricultural productivity and irrigation system performance in a large rice irrigation system in India. Discusses the potential and cost-effectiveness of SRS techniques for making inventories and monitoring agricultural productivity.
Performance evaluation / Satellite surveys / Case studies / Policy / Models / GIS / Remote sensing / Crop yield / Cropping systems / Rice / Food production / Irrigation systems / Agricultural production / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management
Record No:H020351
Report
Social impact / Irrigated farming / Households / Female labor / Policy / Land management / Land use / Gender / Women in development
Record No:H019079
A plot of one's own: gender relations and irrigated land allocation policies in Burkina Faso
Explores the effects of plots allocation on womenapos;s labor contributions in the Dakiri irrigation system of Burkina Faso. Compares intra-household distribution of income derived from agricultural activities when men are the sole owners of plots to income distribution when both men and women within the same household own irrigated plots.
Social impact / Irrigated farming / Households / Female labor / Policy / Land management / Land use / Gender / Women in development
Record No:H019079
Report
Case studies / Research methods / Policy / Privatization / Participatory management / Performance indexes / Performance evaluation / Water rights / Sustainability / Farmer participation / associations / Farmersapos / Water users / Water user associations / Organizational design / Large-scale systems / Government-managed irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H019766
Institutional design principles for accountability in large irrigation systems
Argues that single irrigation systems managed by autonomous system-specific organizations accountable to their customers, perform better and are more sustainable than those managed by agencies dependent on the government, or by agencies responsible for multiple systems. Selected cases are reviewed and the plausibility of this hypothesis established. General recommendations are made for policy makers designing irrigation reform programs.
Case studies / Research methods / Policy / Privatization / Participatory management / Performance indexes / Performance evaluation / Water rights / Sustainability / Farmer participation / associations / Farmersapos / Water users / Water user associations / Organizational design / Large-scale systems / Government-managed irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H019766
Report
Performance evaluation / Farmer-led irrigation / Social organization / Villages / Agricultural production / Social aspects / Living standards / Family labor / Households / Agricultural manpower / Female labor / Farmers / Women in development / Gender / Maintenance / Water distribution / Water allocation / Water delivery / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Water user associations / Privatization / Irrigation programs / Farmer-managed irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H019765
Free-riders or victims: women's nonparticipation in irrigation management in Nepal's Chhattis Mauja Irrigation Scheme
Examines multiple factors in womenapos;s involvement/non-involvement in irrigation in the Chhattis Mauja irrigation scheme in Nepal. Includes an empirical analysis of the livelihood strategies of farm households, documentation of the level and nature of participation of women and men in the water usersapos; organizations, analysis of womenapos;s access to irrigation services, and an examination of the need and desirability of increasing the participation of woman in the scheme organization.
Performance evaluation / Farmer-led irrigation / Social organization / Villages / Agricultural production / Social aspects / Living standards / Family labor / Households / Agricultural manpower / Female labor / Farmers / Women in development / Gender / Maintenance / Water distribution / Water allocation / Water delivery / Irrigation canals / Irrigated farming / Water user associations / Privatization / Irrigation programs / Farmer-managed irrigation systems / Irrigation management
Record No:H019765
Report
Soil degradation / Waterlogging / Water table / Irrigation systems / Watercourses / Groundwater management / Sensitivity analysis / Salinity / Water balance / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management
Record No:H019242
Water and salinity balances for irrigated agriculture in Pakistan
Describes a streamlined approach to calculating water and salinity balances in three different irrigated areas of Pakistan where salinity is a major problem. Explores the impact of current irrigation and agronomic practices on salinity and suggests corrective measures.
Soil degradation / Waterlogging / Water table / Irrigation systems / Watercourses / Groundwater management / Sensitivity analysis / Salinity / Water balance / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management
Record No:H019242
Report
Computer models / Pumping / Groundwater / Seepage / Water loss / Water balance / Water use efficiency / Analysis / Surface irrigation / Irrigation programs / Irrigation management
Record No:H019241
The IIMI water balance framework: a model for project level analysis
Outlines the IWMI Water Balance Framework, which identifies sources, uses and reuses of water. The framework will be of interest to those involved in the design of irrigation projects and in the formulation of improvements to existing infrastructure of operational rules. Managers of irrigation projects will also find it useful for interpreting water use efficiency, or for identifying interventions to improve the efficiency and sustainability of their projects.
Computer models / Pumping / Groundwater / Seepage / Water loss / Water balance / Water use efficiency / Analysis / Surface irrigation / Irrigation programs / Irrigation management
Record No:H019241
Report
Water distribution / Farmer-led irrigation / Sustainability / Agricultural production / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Farmer-managed irrigation systems / Farmer-agency interactions / associations / Farmersapos / Farmer participation / Privatization / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management
Record No:H019240
Results of management turnover in two irrigation districts in Colombia
Evaluates the turnover of two formerly government-managed irrigation districts in Colombia to the water usersapos; associations. Impacts are analyzed in terms of the cost of irrigation to farmers and the government, the quality of water distribution, the sustainability of irrigation, the productivity of agriculture, and farmer income.
Water distribution / Farmer-led irrigation / Sustainability / Agricultural production / Maintenance / Operations / Economic aspects / Social aspects / Farmer-managed irrigation systems / Farmer-agency interactions / associations / Farmersapos / Farmer participation / Privatization / Irrigated farming / Irrigation management
Record No:H019240
Report
Water conservation / Models / Evapotranspiration / Water supply / Water use efficiency / Leaching / Water demand / Irrigation efficiency / Water policy / Water resource management
Record No:H018208
Integrated water resource systems: theory and policy implications
Presents the concept of integrated water resources systems (IWS) as clearly and simply as possible, with a focus on the irrigation sector-the largest and most complex user of water.
Water conservation / Models / Evapotranspiration / Water supply / Water use efficiency / Leaching / Water demand / Irrigation efficiency / Water policy / Water resource management
Record No:H018208
Report
Farm income / Water resources development / Water shortage / Water use efficiency / User charges / Water allocation / Policy / Maintenance costs / Operating costs / Cost recovery / Benefits / Water delivery / Water management / Agricultural development
Record No:H018207
Alternative approaches to cost sharing for water service to agriculture in Egypt
Combines and interprets results from a number of studies that were designed to help the Egyptian government formulate a rational approach to sharing the costs of water services among the beneficiaries-agriculture and other users-and government. Highlights lessons transferable to other countries.
Farm income / Water resources development / Water shortage / Water use efficiency / User charges / Water allocation / Policy / Maintenance costs / Operating costs / Cost recovery / Benefits / Water delivery / Water management / Agricultural development
Record No:H018207
Report
Water demand / Recycling / Water quality / Irrigation efficiency / Irrigated farming / Water supply / Water demand / Water use efficiency / Water policy / Water resource management
Record No:H018206
The new era of water resources management: from 'dry' to 'wet' water savings
Examines the concept of water efficiency, the impact of water recycling and implications for water management. Distinguishes between quot;wetquot; and quot;dryquot; water savings, and explores opportunities for creating quot;wetquot; savings-savings that make more water available for use in a basin.
Water demand / Recycling / Water quality / Irrigation efficiency / Irrigated farming / Water supply / Water demand / Water use efficiency / Water policy / Water resource management
Record No:H018206